Today we are at the Newseum in Washington D.C. – where the history of free expression is explained and defended. 

今天，我们在华盛顿特区的Newseum - 解释和捍卫自由表达的历史。 

The first printing presses arrived in the United States in the mid-1600s, marking an important step in the history of America’s free press. 

第一批印刷机于1600年代中期到达美国，这标志着美国自由出版社历史上的重要一步。 

A free press is important in democratic society. It allows citizens to speak freely and criticize the country's leaders without fear. Some journalists have even lost their lives for that right. 

自由媒体在民主社会中很重要。 它使公民可以自由讲话，并批评该国的领导人而毫不恐惧。 一些记者甚至因这项权利而丧生。 

But, it can also lead to news that is false. Last year, a fake news story about a Washington pizza restaurant went viral, causing a gunman to open fire at the business. 

但是，这也可能导致新闻是错误的。 去年，一个关于华盛顿披萨餐厅的虚假新闻传播开来，导致枪手在业务上开火。 

One of the most common terms we hear today is “fake news.” The public and politicians use it to talk about the news reports they do not think are accurate. 

我们今天听到的最常见的术语之一是“假新闻”。 公众和政客们用它来谈论他们认为不准确的新闻报道。 

While people have paid much attention to the term in recent years, the problem is not new. False news reports have been around since modern journalism started. 

尽管人们近年来对该术语非常关注，但问题并不是什么新鲜事。 自现代新闻业开始以来，虚假的新闻报道就已经存在。 

Today, information moves around us in many forms, every hour of every day. Even if we do not seek out news on our own, we often receive it anyway, instantly, on our phones. 

今天，信息以多种形式（每天的每小时）以多种形式转移。 即使我们不独自寻找新闻，我们还是经常在手机上立即收到它。 

So how can we manage this mountain of information so that fake news does not mislead us? 

那么，我们如何管理这一信息，以免假新闻误导我们呢？ 

We believe this requires news literacy. News literacy is the ability to use critical thinking skills to judge news reports. Are they credible? Can you rely on the reports to be true? 

我们相信这需要新闻素养。 新闻素养是使用批判性思维技能来评判新闻报道的能力。 他们可信吗？ 您可以依靠报告是真的吗？ 

We use real media examples to teach useful skills and methods to recognize journalism over other kinds of information. We examine the differences between facts and what people report in the media as truth. 

我们使用真实的媒体示例教授有用的技能和方法，以识别新闻界对其他信息。 我们研究事实与人们在媒体中报道的事实之间的差异。 

The course provides tools to identify real and reliable news sources. And, it demonstrates ways to separate news from opinion. 

该课程提供了确定真实可靠的新闻来源的工具。 而且，它展示了将新闻与意见分开的方法。 

Professors at Stony Brook University in New York created the News Literacy education program. We will share it with you in simple English on VOA Learning English. 

纽约Stony Brook大学的教授创建了新闻识字教育计划。 我们将以简单的英语在VOA学习英语中与您分享。 

The need for news literacy is possibly greater now than ever before. Learning this important skill can give us the power to take full control of our own search for the truth. 

现在，对新闻素养的需求可能比以往任何时候都更大。 学习这种重要技能可以使我们能够完全控制自己对真理的搜索。 

Because as we’ve seen many times before, some news presented as truth can actually turn out to be completely false. 

因为正如我们以前见过的很多次，所以一些作为真理的消息实际上可能完全是错误的。 

Springtime is a time of renewal and growth. Many plants end their long winter sleep and form new buds and shoots. Beautiful flowers will soon be showing their bright colors. And the grass will grow thicker and greener again. 

春天是一个更新和增长的时期。 许多植物结束了漫长的冬季睡眠，形成了新的芽和芽。 美丽的花很快就会显示出鲜艳的色彩。 草将越来越浓密，越来越绿。 

Some flowers bloom in a very noticeable way but that is not the case with grass. Imagine you are sitting in a grassy field. And you have only one job – to watch the grass grow. That does not sound very interesting. In fact, it sounds really boring. 

有些花以非常明显的方式绽放，但是草并非如此。 想象您坐在草地上。 而且您只有一份工作 - 看着草生长。 这听起来并不有趣。 实际上，这听起来真的很无聊。

That idea is what gives us the expression “like watching grass grow.” We use this expression to describe an experience that is uninteresting. Another good word to describe it is tedious. 

这个想法使我们表达“就像看草的成长”。 我们使用此表达式描述一种无趣的经历。 描述它的另一个好词很乏味。 

We use this expression in many situations. Let’s hear a few examples: 

我们在许多情况下都使用此表达式。 让我们听听一些例子： 

After the politician won his campaign, he gave a two-hour long acceptance speech. 

Two hours! It was as much fun as watching grass grow. 

I really don’t like watching long sports games. It’s like watching grass grow.

Now, grass grows on the ground all the time. And usually, we don’t give it much thought. If you stand in one place for a long time, the grass will continue to grow under your feet. 

现在，草一直在地上生长。 通常，我们不会考虑太多。 如果您在一个地方长时间站在一个地方，则草将继续生长在您的脚下。 

For people who are always active, always moving, always on-the-go, we can say they don't let grass grow under their feet. We can also say beneath their feet. And sometimes we use this expression as a command. 

对于那些总是活跃，总是动，总是随身携带的人，我们可以说他们不会让草在脚下生长。 我们也可以在他们的脚下说。 有时，我们将此表达式用作命令。 

Let’s hear some examples: 

让我们听听一些例子： 

Don’t let the grass grow beneath your feet. 

Get back to work. She certainly doesn’t let the grass grow under her feet. 

She’s been traveling non-stop for over a year.

A human brain turned to glass by a volcano… It sounds like bad science fiction. And when archaeologists first found glass fragments inside a skull in ancient Herculaneum in Italy, they were mystified. They deduced that the pea-sized chunks of black glass were the fossilised remains of the brain of a man aged about twenty. He was killed by the massive Vesuvius eruption that buried his town and the sister city of Pompeii. But experts didn't understand how his soft brain, could have been transformed into glass. 

一个人类大脑被火山变成了玻璃，这听上去像是一部糟糕的科幻作品。当考古学家们起初发现了意大利赫库兰尼姆古城中一个头骨内的玻璃碎片时，他们感到十分困惑。考古学家推断，这些豌豆大小的黑色玻璃块是一名二十岁左右男子的变成化石的大脑残骸。这名男子死于维苏威火山的一次剧烈喷发，这次喷发掩埋了他所在的城市以及其姊妹城庞贝。但专家们曾一度不清楚这名男子柔软的大脑如何被转变为了玻璃。

Now scientists from the University Roma Tre say that a huge ash cloud rushed down the mountain enveloping the victim. It heated up his brain to at least 510 degrees Celsius before rapidly cooling. It created unique fragments of a man who suffered a violent death but left behind incredible scientific evidence of a spectacular volcanic eruption. 

现在，来自罗马第三大学的科学家们表示，一片巨大的火山灰云从山上直泻而下包围了这名牺牲者。这片火山灰云把他大脑的温度加热到至少 510 摄氏度后又令其迅速下降。这一过程创造出了来自该男子的一块独特的碎片，他虽然不幸地死于非命，但也留下了一份不可思议的科学证据来见证一次蔚为壮观的火山喷发。 

1  Most people can see at least a million different colours, but have you ever thought why they're important? Colours often have meanings and act as signs. They're a way of communicating, even when we don't notice them.

1大多数人可以看到至少一百万种不同的颜色，但是您是否想过为什么它们很重要？ 颜色通常具有含义并充当迹象。 即使我们没有注意到它们，它们即使是一种交流方式。 

2  The development of colours in the environment may be linked to the science of evolution. As living organisms developed a sense of vision, they were able to explore the environment around them. As vision developed and living creatures became able to distinguish colours, fruits began to use them to attract animals to propagate their seeds. Flowers developed bright colours to attract pollinators, and venomous or poisonous animals were able to use their bold shades as a warning. 

2环境中颜色的发展可能与进化科学有关。 随着活生物体发展出一种视力，他们能够探索周围的环境。 随着视觉发展并能够区分颜色的生物，水果开始使用它们吸引动物传播种子。 花发展了鲜艳的色彩来吸引传粉媒介，有毒或有毒动物能够将其大胆的阴影作为警告。 

3  Humans have also evolved to use these signs to interpret the world. Colour is often an indication that tells us when fruit or vegetables can be eaten, that they're not unripe or rotten. We've also developed our own colour signals to communicate. The red of a traffic light or a warning sign tells us about potential dangers or the precautions we need to take. Electrical wires use different colours to tell us how to connect them safely.

3人类也进化起来使用这些迹象来解释世界。 颜色通常表明何时可以吃水果或蔬菜，它们不是未成熟的或腐烂的。 我们还开发了自己的颜色信号进行交流。 交通信号灯或警告标志的红色告诉我们有关潜在的危险或我们需要采取的预防措施。 电线使用不同的颜色告诉我们如何安全地连接它们。 

4  Colours can be used as signifiers in more complex ways. Meanings can be transferred into different contexts – food products are sometimes labelled with red, yellow or green according to their nutritional content, borrowing the colours from traffic signals. Some signs are less obvious. Consumer brands use different colours in their logos, packaging, products, and advertising to send us messages about their values. For example, luxury goods often use dark but intense colours as a mark of quality, while those aimed at children use bold, bright colours.We might only notice this if companies use the 'wrong' colours. Studies have shown that people are less likely to buy something if it's branded with an inappropriate colour. 

4种颜色可以以更复杂的方式用作指示符。 含义可以转移到不同的情况下 - 有时根据其营养含量将食品用红色，黄色或绿色标记，从交通信号中借用颜色。 有些迹象不太明显。 消费者品牌在其徽标，包装，产品和广告中使用不同的颜色向我们发送有关其价值的消息。 例如，奢侈品经常使用深色但强烈的颜色作为质量的标志，而针对儿童的奢侈品则使用大胆，明亮的颜色。我们只有在公司使用“错误”颜色时才注意到这一点。 研究表明，如果人们以不适当的颜色品牌购买商品，人们就不太可能购买东西。 

5  Whether human-made or natural, and whether we consciously notice them or not, colours tell us a lot about the world around us. 

5无论是人造还是自然，无论我们有意识地注意到它们，颜色都告诉我们很多关于我们周围世界的信息。 

Mary Kay Cosmetics is an international company that sells beauty products.

Mary Kay Cosmetics是一家销售美容产品的国际公司。 

One woman started the business in the 1960s with an investment of $5,000.

一名妇女在1960年代创办了这项业务，投资5,000美元。 

Mary Kathlyn Wagner was born in the state of Texas in 1918. For much of her childhood, she cared for her sick father while her mother worked long hours at a restaurant. 

玛丽·凯瑟琳·瓦格纳（Mary Kathlyn Wagner）于1918年出生于德克萨斯州。童年的大部分时间，她的母亲在餐厅长时间工作时，她照顾生病的父亲。 

Mary Kay married Ben Rogers when she was 17 years old. They had three children before he left home to serve in World War Two. When he returned, their marriage ended. Mary Kay looked for a job so she could support her children. 

玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）17岁时与本·罗杰斯（Ben Rogers）结婚。 他们在他离开家之前有三个孩子在第二次世界大战中服役。 当他回来时，他们的婚姻结束了。 玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）寻找工作，以便她可以养活自己的孩子。 

She began selling different kinds of products. One night, Mary Kay was showing products at the home of Ova Heath Spoonemore. Ms. Spoonemore began giving her guests some homemade skin care products. The products were developed by her father, J.W. Heath, in Arkansas. Mary Kay tried the skin care products and liked them. 

她开始销售各种产品。 一天晚上，玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）在Ova Heath Spoonemore的家中展示产品。 Spoonemore女士开始给客人一些自制的皮肤护理产品。 这些产品是由她的父亲J.W.开发的 希思，在阿肯色州。 玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）尝试了皮肤护理产品并喜欢它们。

She bought the rights to Heath’s skin care products and started her own company. She paid $500 for the legal rights to the products. And in 1963, The Mary Kay Cosmetics company began operating in Dallas, Texas. 

她购买了希思皮肤护理产品的权利，并创立了自己的公司。 她为产品的合法权利支付了500美元。 1963年，玛丽·凯化妆品公司（Mary Kay Cosmetics Company）开始在德克萨斯州达拉斯（Dallas）运营。 

The idea was to sell skin care products through demonstrations in homes and offices. Independent sales representatives bought beauty products from the company and sold them at higher prices. 

这个想法是通过在家庭和办公室的示威来出售护肤产品。 独立的销售代表从公司购买了美容产品，并以更高的价格出售它们。 

Mary Kay decided that each representative who brought other saleswomen into the company would receive part of the new person’s earnings. That way, experienced sales representatives would be willing to train new ones.

 玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）决定，每个将其他销售妇女带入公司的代表都将获得新人的一部分收益。 这样，经验丰富的销售代表愿意培训新的代表。 

By 1965, the company was selling almost one million dollars in products. 

到1965年，该公司销售了将近一百万美元的产品。 

Mary Kay Cosmetics became one of the most successful direct sellers of skin care products in America. It continues to have sales offices and representatives in many different countries. 

玛丽·凯化妆品（Mary Kay Cosmetics）成为美国皮肤护理产品中最成功的直接卖家之一。 它继续在许多不同国家拥有销售办公室和代表。

Mary Kay aimed to grow sales based on the idea that it is best to compete against yourself. That means every individual is trying to beat their own sales records. Prizes for high sales marks included special paid holidays and jewelry. Until a few years ago, a pink Cadillac was a top prize. 

玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）的目的是基于最好的观念，即最好与自己竞争。 这意味着每个人都试图击败自己的销售记录。 高销售标记的奖品包括特殊的带薪假期和珠宝。 直到几年前，粉红色的凯迪拉克还是最高奖项。

After her third husband, Mel Ash, died of cancer in 1980, she wanted to help find a cure for the disease. At first, she helped organizations raise money for research. 

她的第三任丈夫梅尔·阿什（Mel Ash）于1980年因癌症去世后，她想帮助找到治疗这种疾病。 起初，她帮助组织筹集资金进行研究。 

Later, she started the Mary Kay Ash Charitable Foundation, a nonprofit group that provides money to support research on cancers affecting women. In 2001, the company and foundation expanded their goals to help prevent violence against women. 

后来，她成立了玛丽·凯·阿什（Mary Kay Ash）慈善基金会，该基金会是一个非营利组织，该基金会提供资金来支持对影响女性的癌症的研究。 2001年，该公司和基金会扩大了目标，以帮助防止对妇女的暴力行为。

Mary Kay Ash also wrote three books. She worked in her business until she suffered a stroke in 1996. She died in 2001.

玛丽·凯·阿什（Mary Kay Ash）也写了三本书。 她从事业务工作，直到1996年中风为止。她于2001年去世。

Sales representatives say Mary Kay developed a way for women to earn money and still spend time with their families. 

销售代表说，玛丽·凯（Mary Kay）为妇女开发了一种赚钱并仍然与家人共度时光的方式。

In air extracted from sarcophagi sealed for thousands of years, researchers in Cairo detected woody, spicy, herbal and rancid notes and also hints of smoke, mould, flowers and dust. 

开罗的研究人员在从密封了数千年的石棺内提取出的空气中检测出了木质香、香料味、草药味、腐臭味等气味，还有些许烟熏味、霉味、花香和灰尘味。 

They used the human nose and scientific instruments to investigate the aromas from the elaborately wrapped bodies of Egypt's ancient ruling classes. 

研究人员用了人的鼻子和科学仪器来研究被精心包裹的古埃及统治阶层的遗骸中散发出的香气。 

The new approach aims to remove the need for samples to be taken from the mummy itself, and to help conservators know when preservation treatment may be needed, as well as to bring back to life some of the smells and fragrances of the times of the ancient pharaohs.

这个新的研究方法旨在免除从木乃伊本体取样的必要性，并帮助文物保护人员鉴别木乃伊何时需要进行防腐保存处理。除此之外，这样也能让古代法老时代的一些气味和芳香重现天日。

1  "They're all at that party without me… I've got such bad FOMO." The fear of missing out, or 'FOMO', is what you might feel when you aren't present when something exciting or enjoyable is happening. This anxiety is rife in the age of social media, where we're exposed to an avalanche of updates about other people's holidays, social events and achievements. Many find themselves comparing their lives to others', forgetting that social media is often a smokescreen, where we only see the highlight reel and a veneer of perfection.

 1“他们在没有我的情况下都在那个聚会上……我有这么糟糕的FOMO。” 当您不存在激动人心或令人愉悦的事情时，您可能会感到害怕错过或“ FOMO”。 在社交媒体时代，这种焦虑盛行，我们接触到有关他人假期，社交活动和成就的雪崩。 许多人发现自己将自己的生活与他人进行比较，而忘记了社交媒体通常是烟幕，我们只能看到精彩片段的卷轴和完美的单板。 

2  As an antidote to this constant pressure, many are embracing 'JOMO' – the joy of missing out. According to Svend Brinkmann, author of 'The Joy of Missing Out: The Art of Self-Restraint in an Age of Excess', the difference is that where FOMO gets us to worry about things outside of the present moment, JOMO brings us back to the here and now, encouraging us to enjoy life offline with people we truly care about. Embracing JOMO means switching off outside noise and focusing on what really brings us happiness. So, how can we stop FOMO from rearing its ugly head? 

2作为对这种不断压力的解毒剂，许多人拥抱了“ Jomo” - 错过的乐趣。 根据“错过的喜悦：在过度时代的自我遏制的艺术”的作者Svend Brinkmann的说法，不同之处在于，Fomo让我们担心当下之外的事情，Jomo将我们带回这里和现在，鼓励我们与我们真正关心的人一起享受生活。 拥抱Jomo意味着关闭外部噪音，专注于真正带给我们幸福的原因。 那么，我们如何阻止FOMO抬起其丑陋的头？ 

3  In her book 'The Joy of Missing Out: Live More by Doing Less', Tanya Dalton suggests making a list of activities that bring you joy and displaying them somewhere obvious to remind you to include them in your day. She also suggests a regular digital detox and carving out time for self-care, whether that's a warm bath, a solo nature walk or your favourite movie. Kristen Fuller, a physician and mental health writer, says it's about being intentional with your time. This involves scheduling activities which are important to you and practising saying "no" to people if you feel like their request will have a negative impact on you. 

3 Tanya Dalton在她的书《错过的喜悦：通过少做更多的生活》中，建议制定一系列活动，使您感到高兴并在某个地方展示它们，以提醒您将它们包括在您的一天中。 她还建议定期进行数字排毒，并为自我保健赚取时间，无论是温暖的浴缸，自然漫步还是您最喜欢的电影。 医师和心理健康作家克里斯汀·富勒（Kristen Fuller）说，这是关于您的时间有意的。 这涉及安排对您很重要的活动，如果您觉得他们的要求会对您产生负面影响，这对您来说很重要。 

4  A 2019 article by Ana Jorge, published in Social Media + Society looked into the experiences of people who purposefully disconnect from social media. Some of them felt they were living more mindfully, and that the disconnection allowed them to be more creative and productive. About JOMO, one participant told researchers, "I don't have to be everywhere, I don't have to be with everyone and I don't have to know everything." Perhaps it's time to unplug and try living life in the slow lane. 

4 Ana Jorge的2019年文章在社交媒体 +社会上发表，研究了故意与社交媒体断开连接的人们的经历。 他们中的一些人觉得自己的生活更加思考，并且断开连接使他们变得更具创造力和富有成效。 关于乔莫（Jomo），一位参与者告诉研究人员：“我不必到处都是，我不必和所有人在一起，也不需要一切。” 也许是时候解开插头并尝试在慢速道路上生活了。

A recent study suggests the next ice age will likely begin in about 11,000 years unless emissions change the effects of natural climate cycles. 

最近的一项研究表明，除非排放改变自然气候周期的影响，否则下一个冰河时代可能会在约11，000年内开始。 

An ice age is a period of reduced temperatures causing ice to cover large areas of the northern and southern parts of the world. 

冰河时代是温度降低的时期，导致冰覆盖了世界北部和南部地区的大面积。 

A group of scientists studied changes in the shape of the Earth’s orbit around the sun, the tilt of the Earth’s axis and the movement of the axis itself, called a wobble. These three motions are believed to happen in cycles. The Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch developed a theory about 100 years ago that these cycles affected Earth’s long-term climate. 

一群科学家研究了地球围绕太阳的形状的变化，地球轴的倾斜以及轴本身的运动，称为摇摆。 据信这三个动作是在周期中发生的。 塞尔维亚科学家米兰科维奇（Milutin Milankovitch）大约在100年前开发了一种理论，即这些周期影响了地球的长期气候。 

The team noted that small changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun caused predictable cycles of warming and cooling over a period of about 100,000 years. 

该小组指出，在大约100，000年的时间里，地球围绕太阳围绕太阳的轨道的小变化导致了可预测的变暖和冷却周期。 

These findings permitted the team to determine how the three factors of tilt, wobble, and the shape of Earth's orbit might have affected the Earth’s climate over the last 900,000 years. 

这些发现使团队能够确定倾斜，摇摆和地球轨道形状的三个因素如何影响过去900，000年的地球气候。 

The group published its findings in Science on February 27. 

该小组于2月27日在科学上发表了研究结果。 

The scientists examined a million-year record of climate by looking at ice sheets across the northern half of the world and deep ocean temperatures.

科学家通过查看世界北半部的冰盖和深海温度，检查了一百万年的气候记录。 

They then compared this data with small but regular changes in Earth’s orbit over time. 

然后，随着时间的流逝，他们将这些数据与地球轨道的规律变化进行了比较。 

The lead writer of the study is Stephen Barker, a professor at Cardiff University in Britain. He told the French News Agency (AFP) that for many years it has been difficult for scientists to show exactly how small changes in Earth’s orbit have led to huge changes between warm and cold periods.

该研究的首席作者是英国加的夫大学教授斯蒂芬·巴克（Stephen Barker）。 他告诉法国新闻社（AFP），多年来，科学家很难确切地证明地球轨道的小变化如何导致温暖和寒冷时期之间的巨大变化。 

Earth is believed to go through cycles of ice ages and warm periods. The last ice age is thought to have ended around 11,700 years ago. Scientists, such as Milankovitch, have long seen a connection between Earth's orbit and climate. 

据信地球经历了冰河时代和温暖时期的周期。 人们认为最后一个冰河时代大约在11,700年前结束了。 诸如米兰科维奇（Milankovitch）之类的科学家长期以来一直看到地球轨道和气候之间的联系。

However, researchers have struggled to precisely date when each of the climate changes happened. It has also been difficult for them to know exactly which orbit positions affect the start and stop of cold or warm periods. 

但是，研究人员在每种气候变化发生时都努力准确地日期。 他们也很难确切知道哪些轨道位置会影响寒冷或温暖时期的起点和停止。 

Barker said his team of researchers studied slow changes in temperature over long periods of time instead of only looking at shorter periods of change between cold and warm climates. 

巴克说，他的研究人员团队研究了长时间温度的缓慢变化，而不仅仅是看寒冷和温暖气候之间的变化时期较短。 

Barker told AFP, "We would expect a glaciation to occur within the next 11,000 years, and it would end in 66,000 years' time." 

巴克告诉法新社：“我们预计在未来11，000年内会发生冰川，这将在66,000年的时间内结束。” 

Lorraine Lisiecki is a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a co-writer of the study. She said the study shows that changes in climate over tens of thousands of years are not random.

Lorraine Lisiecki是加利福尼亚大学圣塔芭芭拉分校的教授，也是该研究的共同作家。 她说，这项研究表明，数万年以上的气候变化不是随机的。 

The team aims to expand its findings to investigate the long-term effects of human activity on climate. They also want to find out how it might affect Earth’s natural climate cycles. 

该小组旨在扩大其发现，以调查人类活动对气候的长期影响。 他们还想找出它可能会影响地球自然气候周期。

A total lunar eclipse is about to make the moon appear a reddish color across the Western Hemisphere. 

月食的总圆环即将使月亮在整个西半球看起来是红色的。 

The event will happen Thursday night into Friday morning. The best places to see the eclipse will be in North America and South America. Parts of Africa and Europe may also get brief views. 

该活动将在星期四晚上至星期五早上举行。 观看日食的最佳场所将在北美和南美。 非洲和欧洲的部分地区也可能会得到简短的看法。 

A lunar eclipse happens when the sun, Earth, and moon line up just right, with Earth positioned between the sun and moon. This causes the Earth to create a shadow on the moon. In a total lunar eclipse, the Earth’s shadow covers all of the moon. 

当太阳，地球和月亮恰到好处时，地球位于太阳和月亮之间时，就会发生月食。 这使地球在月球上创造了阴影。 在月食中，地球的阴影覆盖了所有月球。 

Another kind of eclipse is a solar eclipse. In a solar eclipse, the moon gets in a position where it blocks light from the sun, causing a partial or full shadow on Earth. 

日食的另一种日食是日食。 在日食中，月亮处于遮挡太阳的光线的位置，在地球上造成部分或全面的阴影。 

A total lunar eclipse can also be called a blood moon. It makes the moon appear reddish-orange, similar to the element copper. The color comes from small amounts of sunlight passing through the Earth’s atmosphere. 

总月食也可以称为血月。 它使月亮显得红橙色，类似于元素铜。 颜色来自少量穿过地球大气层的阳光。 

The American space agency NASA says lunar and solar eclipses happen between four and seven times a year. The last total lunar eclipse was in 2022.

美国航天局NASA说，月球和太阳日食每年发生四次至七次。 最后的月食是2022年。 

This one will be visible for about one hour starting Friday morning at 2:26 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). The time when the Earth’s shadow covers all of the moon will be close to 3 a.m. EDT. 

从星期五上午2:26开始，东部夏令时间（EDT）将看到这一个大约一个小时。 地球阴影覆盖所有月球的时间将接近美国东部时间。 

“As long as the sky is clear, you should be able to see it,” Shannon Schmoll told the Associated Press. She is the director of Abrams Planetarium at Michigan State University. No special equipment will be needed to see the reddish moon. 

香农·施莫尔（Shannon Schmoll）告诉美联社：“只要天空晴朗，您就应该能够看到它。” 她是密歇根州立大学艾布拉姆斯天文馆的主任。 不需要特殊设备才能看到红色的月亮。 

The total lunar eclipse may be harder to see in Europe and Africa because the moon will be close to setting. 

在欧洲和非洲，月食的总月食可能很难看到，因为月亮将接近环境。 

Michael Faison is an astronomy expert from Yale University. He told the AP, “This is really an eclipse for North and South America.” 

迈克尔·菲森（Michael Faison）是耶鲁大学的天文学专家。 他告诉美联社：“这确实是北美和南美的日食。” 

Zoe Ortiz is a historian with the University of North Texas. She noted that different civilizations have observed lunar eclipses for thousands of years. This helped ancient people learn things about the behaviors of the sun, moon, and stars. 

佐伊·奥尔蒂斯（Zoe Ortiz）是北德克萨斯大学的历史学家。 她指出，不同的文明已经观察到了数千年的月食。 这帮助古老的人学习了有关太阳，月亮和星星的行为的知识。 

“They were looking at the night sky and they had a much brighter vision than we do today,” Ortiz said. 

奥尔蒂斯说：“他们看着夜空，比我们今天的视野要明亮得多。” 

The ancient Greek thinker and writer Aristotle observed that Earths’ shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse was always curved. This fact supported proof that the Earth is round. 

古希腊的思想家和作家亚里斯多德（Aristotle）观察到，在月食期间，地球在月球上的阴影总是弯曲的。 这个事实支持了地球是圆形的证据。 

The next total lunar eclipse will appear in the sky September 7, across parts of Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe. Parts of the Americas will get the next chance to see one in March 2026. 

下一个月食将于9月7日在亚洲，非洲，澳大利亚和欧洲的部分地区出现在天空中。 美洲的部分地区将在2026年3月获得下一个机会。 

Astronomers following asteroid activity in space estimate there is a very small chance an object large enough to destroy a whole city could strike Earth in 2032. 

在太空估计中，遵循小行星活动的天文学家很少有一个足够大的物体摧毁整个城市，可以在2032年撞击地球。 

But space agency officials say even if such an asteroid keeps heading on a path toward Earth, the world is now much better-equipped to defend itself against such a threat. 

但是航天局官员说，即使这样的小行星不断前往地球的道路，现在，世界已经准备好捍卫自己的威胁。 

The American space agency NASA recently estimated there was a 3.1 percent chance that asteroid 2024 YR4 would hit Earth on December 22, 2032. That is the highest probability predicted for such a large space rock in modern times. 

美国航天局NASA最近估计，小行星2024年将在2032年12月22日袭击地球有3.1％的机会。这是现代如此大的太空岩石所预测的最高概率。 

Richard Moissl is head of the European Space Agency's (ESA) planetary defense office. While recognizing the risk the asteroid could present, he told the French news agency AFP people should not panic over such predictions.

 理查德·莫斯尔（Richard Moissl）是欧洲航天局（ESA）行星防御办公室的负责人。 他告诉法国新闻机构法新社，人们不应对这种预测感到恐慌。 

Astronomers have noted that the more data they gather, the odds of a direct asteroid hit are expected to keep rising over time. However, scientists say at a certain point the odds will likely drop down to zero. 

天文学家指出，他们收集的数据越多，直接小行星命中的几率预计会随着时间的流逝而不断上升。 但是，科学家说，在某个时刻，赔率可能会下降到零。 

Moissl said he thinks it is important to remember that even in the unlikely event the probability keeps rising to 100 percent, the world is "not defenseless." 

莫斯尔说，他认为重要的是要记住，即使在不太可能的情况下，概率不断上升到100％，世界“没有防御”。 

Here are some methods currently being considered as defensive measures to keep humanity safe in case there is a real threat. 

以下是当前的一些方法，以防人类安全，以防有真正的威胁。

Only one planetary defense method has been tried against an asteroid. In 2022, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) sent a spacecraft into the 160-meter-wide Dimorphos asteroid. The effort successfully changed the asteroid’s orbit around a larger space rock. 

仅尝试使用一种行星防御方法来针对小行星。 在2022年，NASA的双小行星重定向测试（DART）将航天器发送到160米宽的双层小行星中。 这项努力成功地改变了小行星围绕更大的空间岩石的轨道。 

Bruce Betts is chief scientist for the nonprofit Planetary Society. He told AFP that space agencies could hit the 2024 YR4 asteroid with several spacecrafts, observing how each one changed the path. 

布鲁斯·贝茨（Bruce Betts）是非营利行星社会的首席科学家。 他告诉法新社，太空机构可以用几个航天器击中2024年小行星，观察每个人如何改变路径。 

The asteroid discovered in December is estimated to be 40-90 meters wide -- about half the size of Dimorphos.

据估计，这颗小行星在 12 月发现时有 40-90 米宽，大约是 Dimorphos 大小的一半。

"You have to take care not to overdo it," Moissl warned. He said this is because if a spacecraft only partly destroys an asteroid, it could send smaller pieces of the space rock heading toward Earth. 

“你必须小心不要过度，”莫伊斯尔警告说。他说，这是因为如果航天器只部分摧毁了一颗小行星，它可能会将较小的太空岩石碎片送向地球。

A separate idea would involve sending a large spacecraft to fly alongside a threatening asteroid. The spacecraft would not touch the asteroid, but would use its gravitational force to pull it away from Earth. 

一个单独的想法将涉及将大型航天器与威胁性的小行星一起飞行。 航天器不会接触小行星，而是利用其引力将其从地球上拉开。 

Moissl said another non-contact plan would put a spacecraft near the asteroid to eject a continuous flow of atoms to push the asteroid off course.

莫斯尔说，另一个非接触计划将使小行星附近的航天器在小行星附近弹出，以驱散原子的连续流，以将小行星脱离路线。 

Scientists have also considered painting one side of the asteroid white. They believe this could increase the light the object reflects to make it slowly change course. 

科学家还考虑绘画小行星白色的一侧。 他们认为这可能会增加物体反射的光，以使其缓慢改变路线。

One idea is to use a nuclear weapon against a threatening asteroid. In laboratory tests, researchers found that X-rays from a nuclear blast could move a rock. But this is considered more of a plan for kilometers-wide asteroids like the one that killed off the dinosaurs. And this method also carries the risk that a nuclear explosion could send additional pieces of the asteroid falling toward Earth. 

一个想法是使用核武器来防止威胁性的小行星。 在实验室测试中，研究人员发现，来自核爆炸的X射线可能会移动岩石。 但这被认为是宽公里的小行星的计划，例如杀死恐龙的小行星。 而且该方法还具有核爆炸可能会使小行星落入地球的其他部分的风险。 

A similar method – but one considered less dangerous – would involve shooting laser beams from a spacecraft to destroy the side of an asteroid in an effort to push it away from Earth. 

一种类似的方法（但被认为危险的较小）将涉及从航天器射击激光束以摧毁小行星的一侧，以便将其远离地球。

Moissl said that if all else fails, at least the world will have a good idea where a threatening asteroid would strike. Since astronomers believe most asteroids would at most threaten to destroy one city, efforts could be organized to get people out of an area before a strike. 

莫斯尔说，如果其他所有问题都失败了，至少世界将在威胁性小行星袭击的地方有一个好主意。 由于天文学家认为大多数小行星最多都会威胁要摧毁一个城市，因此可以组织努力使人们在罢工之前离开该地区。 

"Seven-and-a-half years is a long time to prepare," Moissl added. He also noted that even with the rising odds involving 2024 YR4, there is still about a 97 percent chance the asteroid will miss Earth. 

Moissl补充说：“七年半的准备时间是很长的时间。” 他还指出，即使涉及2024年的赔率上升，小行星仍有大约97％的机会错过地球。

Wilbur and Orville Wright are the American inventors who made a small engine-powered flying machine. They proved that flight without the aid of gas-filled balloons was possible. 

威尔伯（Wilbur）和奥维尔·赖特（Orville Wright）是美国发明家，他们制造了一台小型发动机飞行器。 他们证明，没有充满气体气球的飞行是可能的。 

Wilbur Wright was born in 1867 near Melville, Indiana. His brother Orville was born four years later in Dayton, Ohio. 

威尔伯·赖特（Wilbur Wright）于1867年出生在印第安纳州梅尔维尔（Melville）附近。 他的兄弟奥维尔（Orville）四年后出生在俄亥俄州代顿（Dayton）。 

As they grew up, the Wright brothers experimented with mechanical things. Later, the Wright brothers began to design their own flying machine. They used ideas they had developed from earlier experiments with a toy helicopter, kites, the printing machine and bicycles. 

随着他们的长大，赖特兄弟（Wright Brothers）试验了机械的东西。 后来，赖特兄弟开始设计自己的飞行器。 他们使用了他们从早期实验中开发的想法，其中包括玩具直升机，风筝，印刷机和自行车。 

Soon, they needed a place to test their ideas about flight. The best place with the best wind conditions seemed to be a piece of sandy land in North Carolina along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It was called Kill Devil Hill, near the town of Kitty Hawk. 

很快，他们需要一个地方来测试他们关于飞行的想法。 最好的风条件下最好的地方似乎是北卡罗来纳州沿着大西洋沿海的一块沙质土地。 它被称为凯蒂·霍克（Kitty Hawk）镇附近的Kill Devil Hill。 

The Wright brothers did many tests with gliders at Kitty Hawk. With these tests, they learned how to solve many problems. 

赖特兄弟（Wright Brothers）在凯蒂·霍克（Kitty Hawk）对滑翔机进行了许多测试。 通过这些测试，他们学会了如何解决许多问题。 

By the autumn of 1903, Wilbur and Orville had designed and built an airplane powered by a gasoline engine. The plane had wings 12 meters across. It weighed about 340 kilograms, including the pilot. 

到1903年秋天，威尔伯（Wilbur）和奥维尔（Orville）设计和制造了由汽油发动机提供动力的飞机。 飞机的翅膀有12米。 它重约340公斤，包括飞行员。 

On December 17th, 1903, they made the world's first flight in a machine that was heavier than air and powered by an engine. Orville flew the plane 36 meters. He was in the air for 12 seconds. The two brothers made three more flights that day. 

1903年12月17日，他们在一台比空气重并由发动机供电的机器中进行了世界第一架飞行。 奥维尔飞行了36米的飞机。 他在空中呆了12秒。 当天，两个兄弟又开了三个航班。 

Four other men watched the Wright brothers' first flights. One of the men took pictures. Few newspapers, however, noted the event. 

另外四个人看着赖特兄弟的第一批航班。 其中一个人拍照。 但是，很少有报纸指出该活动。 

It was almost five years before the Wright brothers became famous. In 1908, Wilbur went to France. He gave demonstration flights at heights of 90 meters. A French company agreed to begin making the Wright brothers' flying machine. 

赖特兄弟（Wright Brothers）出名已有将近五年的时间。 1908年，威尔伯去了法国。 他在90米的高处进行了示范航班。 一家法国公司同意开始制作赖特兄弟的飞行器。 

Orville made successful flights in the United States at the time Wilbur was in France. The United States War Department agreed to buy a Wright brothers' plane. Wilbur and Orville suddenly became world heroes. But the brothers were not seeking fame. They returned to Dayton where they continued to improve their airplanes. They taught many others how to fly. 

威尔伯（Wilbur）在法国，奥尔维尔（Orville）在美国取得了成功的航班。 美国战争部同意购买赖特兄弟的飞机。 威尔伯（Wilbur）和奥维尔（Orville）突然成为世界英雄。 但是兄弟俩并不是在寻求名望。 他们回到代顿，在那里他们继续改善飞机。 他们教了许多其他方法。 

Wilbur Wright died of typhoid fever in 1912. Orville Wright continued designing and inventing until he died many years later, in 1948. 

威尔伯·赖特（Wilbur Wright）于1912年因伤寒而去世。 

Today, the Wright brothers' first airplane is in the Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Visitors to the museum can look at the Wright brothers' small plane. Then they can walk to another area and see space vehicles and a rock collected from the moon. The world has changed a lot since Wilbur and Orville Wright began the modern age of flight over one hundred years ago. 

今天，赖特兄弟（Wright Brothers）的第一架飞机位于华盛顿特区的空中博物馆中。博物馆的游客可以看一下赖特兄弟的小型飞机。 然后，他们可以步行到另一个区域，看到太空车辆和从月球收集的岩石。 自威尔伯（Wilbur）和奥维尔·赖特（Orville Wright）一百多年前开始现代飞行以来，世界发生了很大变化。