SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 124
*Galaxies: Bigger Than We Ever Imagined
Recent findings suggest that galaxies are far larger than previously thought, with gaseous halos extending much further into intergalactic space. This study, published in Nature Astronomy, focuses on the circumgalactic medium of a starburst galaxy 270 million light-years away. These halos, accounting for about 70% of a galaxy's mass excluding dark matter, may already be interacting with neighboring galaxies like Andromeda and the Milky Way. The research offers fresh insights into galaxy evolution, gas cycling, and the cosmic web.
*Ancient Microbes Found in Billion-Year-Old Rocks
Scientists have discovered living microbes in 2 billion-year-old rocks from South Africa's Bushveld Igneous Complex. This groundbreaking find, published in Microbial Ecology, represents the oldest known living microorganisms. The study utilized advanced imaging techniques to confirm the microbes were native to the ancient rock, offering a glimpse into early life on Earth and potential clues for extraterrestrial life on Mars.
*Vulcan Centaur Rocket's Successful Launch
The United Launch Alliance's new Vulcan Centaur rocket overcame a faulty booster to successfully place its payload into orbit. Despite the anomaly, the mission proceeded from Cape Canaveral, marking an important step towards using Vulcan for high-priority payloads. This launch follows Vulcan's maiden voyage and highlights the transition from older Atlas V and Delta IV rockets.
The Science Report
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 124 for broadcast on the 14 October 2024
00:00:48 - New study finds that galaxies are much larger than previously thought
00:06:25 - Galaxy is 270 million light years away and is a star bursting galaxy
00:17:18 - United Launch Alliance's Vulcan rocket has overcome a faulty strap on booster
00:22:12 - The 2024 Nobel Prizes for Science were awarded this week
00:24:56 - A new study finds two diametrically opposed personalities enjoy magic the most
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 123
*Discovery of a New Region within the Earth's Core
Scientists have uncovered a doughnut-shaped region within Earth's molten liquid outer core, located at low latitudes parallel to the equator. This torus-like zone was detected due to seismic waves travelling slower through this area compared to the rest of the liquid outer core. The discovery, published in Science Advances, suggests that this region could be several hundred kilometres thick and contains a high concentration of light chemical elements, which may be affecting the seismic wave speeds. The findings provide new insights into the Earth's magnetic field and its potential future changes.
*Fresh Questions about the True Origins of the Earth's Moon
A new hypothesis challenges the widely accepted giant impact theory of the Moon's formation. The study proposes that the Moon was captured during a close encounter between the young Earth and a separate terrestrial binary planetary system. This theory could explain the Moon's current orbital plane, more aligned with the sun's ecliptic than Earth's equator. The study opens the door to further exploration of the Moon's origins, especially considering its chemical similarities to Earth.
*New Study Reveals More Secrets about Pluto's Binary Partner, Charon
NASA's Webb Space Telescope has revealed that Charon, Pluto's binary partner, has significant reserves of carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on its surface. The carbon dioxide ice forms a thin veneer over a water ice-rich subsurface. The study, published in Nature Communications, suggests that the carbon dioxide was likely stored beneath the surface until exposed by impacts, while hydrogen peroxide results from radiation breaking apart water ice. These findings add to the understanding of Charon's chemical composition and its geological history.
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 123 for broadcast on 11 October 2024
00:00:46 - Scientists have detected a new doughnut shaped region within the Earth's molten liquid core
00:12:31 - A new study has come up with a different hypothesis to explain the origin of the moon
00:17:46 - NASA's Webb Space Telescope reveals vast reserves of carbon dioxide on Pluto's surface
00:21:19 - People with type two diabetes who sleep short may develop microvascular disease
00:24:23 - Movie producers claim they've accidentally captured footage of a lake monster
00:27:23 - Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcasting platforms
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 122
*The Sun's Most Powerful Solar Flare in Over a Decade
The Sun has unleashed its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade, with a spectacular X9.1 class event. This massive solar flare, part of a pair that erupted just two days apart, was detected by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. The event sparked strong G3 class geomagnetic storms, causing auroral activity to reach mid-latitudes and triggering deep shortwave radio blackouts. Solar flares, like this one, can have significant impacts on Earth's atmosphere, communications, and power grids.
*Ceres: A Former Ocean World?
New research suggests that the dwarf planet Ceres may have once been an ocean world. The study, published in Nature Astronomy, indicates that Ceres has a dirty icy crust, suggesting a past filled with muddy oceans. Computer simulations reveal that the crust may contain up to 90% ice, challenging previous assumptions of a drier Ceres. The findings are based on data from NASA’s Dawn mission, which observed surface features like volcanoes and glaciers.
*NASA's Europa Clipper Mission
NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is set for launch to explore Jupiter's ice-covered moon, Europa. The mission aims to investigate the moon's potential for life, with a suite of nine scientific instruments on board. These tools will study Europa's icy crust, subsurface ocean, and surface composition. The spacecraft will perform 49 flybys of Europa, gathering data to help scientists understand the moon’s habitability and its potential for hosting life.
00:00:00 - The sun unleashes its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade
00:00:27 - The sun has just emitted its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade
00:04:35 - New study claims dwarf planet Ceres may once have been an ocean world
00:14:34 - NASA's Europa Clipper mission is looking for life on icy moon Europa
00:19:58 - New figures show 47,000 people suffered heat related deaths across Europe last year
00:22:33 - Microsoft will release a new update for Windows 11 next month with AI features
00:25:46 - Outlook reminds you you haven't added your attachment yet
00:26:56 - Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcast providers
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 121
*A New Planet Discovered Orbiting Barnard's Star
Astronomers have discovered a new exoplanet orbiting Barnard's Star, the closest single star to the Sun. This newly found planet, Barnard b, has about half the mass of Earth and completes an orbit around its host star every three Earth days. Located 5.96 light-years away, Barnard's Star is a small red dwarf in the constellation Ophiuchus. The discovery was made using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and has sparked interest due to its low mass and proximity to its star. The study also hints at the existence of three more potential exoplanets in the system, although additional observations are needed for confirmation.
*ESA's Hera Mission Launch
The European Space Agency's Hera mission is set to launch, aimed at exploring the aftermath of NASA's DART mission impact on the asteroid Dimorphos. The mission will provide detailed analysis of the impact site and the asteroid's composition, mass, and structural changes. Hera will also deploy two cubesats, Milani and Juventus, to perform close-up observations and experiments. The mission is crucial for understanding how to protect Earth from potential asteroid threats in the future.
*Spectacular Annular Solar Eclipse
A stunning annular solar eclipse, known as a "ring of fire," has been witnessed by people across the eastern and southern Pacific, as well as parts of South America. The eclipse, which occurs when the Moon is slightly further from Earth, left a bright ring of sunlight visible around the Moon's silhouette. The event was best viewed from Easter Island and parts of Argentina and Chile, with partial views seen in other regions including Bolivia, Peru, and New Zealand.
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 121, for broadcasts on 7 October 2024
00:00:47 - Astronomers have discovered a planet orbiting Barnard star, the closest single
00:04:48 - European Space Agency's Hera planetary defence mission slated for launch today
00:08:40 - NASA's Dart spacecraft crashed into the dimorphos asteroid in 2022
00:12:11 - The people of the east and South Pacific and South America witnessed an annual solar eclipse
00:14:07 - Scientists have developed a new drug delivery system for type two diabetes
00:17:02 - Women are turning to psychics to find out if their husbands are cheating
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 120
*Planet Earth Just Got a Second Moon
Planet Earth has temporarily acquired a second moon, a tiny near-Earth asteroid named 2024 PTS. Captured by Earth's gravitational field on September 29, this 10-metre wide Space rock will remain in orbit until November 25, making it one of only five known mini moons. Discovered by the Atlas asteroid terrestrial impact last alert system, 2024 PTS belongs to the Arjuna asteroid group and is too small to be seen with the naked eye but can be observed through a telescope.
*Mars' Missing Atmosphere Could Be in Its Crust
A new study suggests Mars' missing atmosphere could be hiding in plain sight within the planet's crust. The research, published in the journal Science Advances, posits that ancient water on Mars may have reacted with the planet's ultramafic igneous rocks to form smectite clays, trapping carbon dioxide and converting it into methane. This process could account for up to 80% of Mars' initial atmosphere, providing a potential future energy source for human missions.
*Record Stay Aboard the International Space Station
Two Russian cosmonauts have returned to Earth after a record-breaking 374-day stay aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Their mission marks the longest continuous time spent on the ISS by any humans. The pair, along with an American astronaut who spent six months on the station, landed safely in Kazakhstan aboard the Soyuz MS-25 capsule. The current ISS crew includes eight members, with some scheduled to return to Earth in February next year aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule.
00:00:00 " New study claims Mars could be hiding its missing atmosphere in plain sight
00:00:27 " The asteroid 2024 PTS was temporarily captured by Earth on September 29
00:04:35 " A new study claims the missing martian atmosphere could be hiding in the crust
00:10:54 " Two Russian cosmonauts have landed safely on Kazakhstan steppe
00:12:18 " October is the last day of the month celebrated as All Hallows Eve
00:15:37 " Astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types based on temperature
00:24:33 " October has three great meteor showers, the draconids, the Taurids
00:29:40 " October is a great time to start stargazing
00:34:42 " October is the best time of year to see many southern constellations
00:36:30 " In the evening we've got Venus and Saturn above the western horizon
00:38:47 " Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 119
*Australian Crater Offers Fresh Insights into Earth's History
Scientists have uncovered a potential 600-kilometre-wide crater in Australia's outback, which could revolutionise our understanding of Earth's geological past. This discovery, presented at the 37th International Geological Congress in South Korea, suggests the existence of Mapix, a massive Cambrian-Precambrian impact structure. The crater's unique characteristics could provide new insights into the geological and biological evolution of our planet. The study's authors have found significant geological evidence, including pseudotachylite breccia and shock minerals like lonsdaleite, supporting the age, size, and location of this impact structure.
*Perseverance Rover Discovers Striped Rock on Mars
NASA's Mars Perseverance rover has spotted an unusual black and white striped rock on the Red Planet. The discovery was made during the rover's exploration of the outer rim of Jezero Crater. The rock, named Freya Castle, has a striking pattern and is unlike anything previously observed on Mars. Early interpretations suggest that igneous and metamorphic processes could have created its distinctive stripes. This finding adds to the variety of intriguing rocks discovered by the rover, which could be among the oldest or youngest ever investigated on Mars.
*Blue Origin's New Glenn Completes Second Stage Hot Fire Test
Blue Origin's new heavy-lift rocket, the New Glenn, has successfully completed a hot fire test of its second stage booster. This critical test at Cape Canaveral's Space Launch Complex 36 marks a key step towards the rocket's inaugural test flight, scheduled for next month. The NG-1 mission will carry the prototype Blue Ring spacecraft, designed for refuelling, transporting, and hosting satellites. The 15-second hot fire test demonstrated the integrated operation of the vehicle's BE-3U engines and various subsystems, setting the stage for future missions.
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00:00 - This is spacetime series 27 episode 119 for broadcast on 2 October 2024
00:49 - Scientists have discovered a possible crater stretching more than 600 kilometres across Australia's outback
02:54 - NASA's Mars Perseverance rover has discovered an unusual striped rock
05:46 - The Mars Perseverance rover is exploring ancient Martian rocks
10:59 - Researchers have found nanostructures around deep ocean hydrothermal vents
12:57 - 61% of Americans admit to self censoring, according to study
15:09 - Meta showing off their new Orion augmented reality glasses; Huawei releasing threefold phones
19:16 - Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcasting services

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 118
*Dark Matter May Be Experiencing Forces Beyond Gravity
A groundbreaking new study suggests that dark matter, the elusive substance making up 85% of the universe's matter, may interact through forces other than gravity. Using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, researchers have found that dark matter particles might experience additional forces, providing crucial new insights into their nature. The findings challenge the long-held collisionless cold dark matter model, opening new avenues for understanding the universe's most perplexing component.
*Rare Naked Eye Comet Visible from Earth
Skywatchers have a unique opportunity to witness the rare comet C/2023 A3 (Shushani Atlas) with the naked eye. Discovered by the Purple Mountain Observatory and the Atlas system, this comet is currently visible just before sunrise near the eastern horizon. On an 80,000-year journey from the Oort cloud, it is expected to become even brighter after passing close to the Sun, potentially reaching a magnitude of 2.5.
*Humans on Mars by 2028?
Former US President Donald Trump has announced an ambitious plan to send humans to Mars by 2028, eight years ahead of current schedules. This bold statement comes as Trump hints at discussions with SpaceX CEO Elon Musk to use the company's Starship for the mission. While the Artemis programme aims to return humans to the Moon by 2026, Trump's proposal could significantly accelerate human exploration of the Red Planet.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 117
*The Biggest Black Hole Jets Ever Seen
Astronomers have detected the largest pair of black hole jets ever observed, stretching an astounding 23 million light years. Named Porphyron, this jet megastructure dates back to when the universe was just 6.3 billion years old. The discovery, published in the journal Nature, suggests that these colossal jets had a significant impact on galaxy formation during the universe's early epochs.
*NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Ready for Launch
All systems are go for next month's launch of NASA's Europa Clipper mission, set to study the oceans of Jupiter's ice moon, Europa. The spacecraft will be launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket and will undertake a series of 49 close flybys to determine if Europa's subsurface ocean could be habitable.
*Iran Tests Another Nuclear Capable Missile
In defiance of United Nations resolutions, Iran has tested a new medium-range ballistic missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads. The launch of the Karam 100 missile is part of Tehran's ongoing efforts to develop its nuclear weapons delivery systems.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 116
*Discovery of More Black Holes Than Expected in the Early Universe
A new study using the Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered a significantly higher number of supermassive black holes in the early universe than previously anticipated. Published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the findings could revolutionise our understanding of how these ancient black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. Astronomers, including Alice Young from Stockholm University, suggest that these massive black holes might have originated from the collapse of massive gas clouds or through rapid mergers of smaller stellar-mass black holes.
*New Volcano Spotted on Jupiter's Moon Io
Astronomers have discovered a new volcano on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, using the Junocam instrument aboard NASA's Juno mission. Io, the most geologically active object in the solar system, boasts over 400 active volcanoes. The newly discovered volcano, located just south of Io's equator, was identified in the first close-up images of Io in over 25 years. The images reveal multiple lava flows and volcanic deposits, with sulphur staining on the eastern side and dark lava streams on the western side.
*Confirming the Mass of the W Boson
Scientists at CERN have confirmed the mass of the W boson, a fundamental particle in physics, to be 80,360.2 mega electron volts, with a margin of error of 9.9 mega electron volts. This confirmation resolves a previous unexpected measurement and aligns with the Standard Model of particle physics. The study utilised data from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider, involving the analysis of millions of events to achieve this precise measurement.
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This week’s guests include: Alice Young from Stockholm University
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 115
*How Black Holes Eat Stars
Astronomers have developed a groundbreaking computer simulation detailing how supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies can rip apart and consume entire stars. The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, provides new insights into the mysterious optical and ultraviolet emissions observed during these catastrophic events. Lead author Daniel Price from Monash University explains that the simulation captures the full evolution of the debris from a star being tidally disrupted by a black hole.
*New Revelations About Earth’s Mantle
A new study reveals that the chemical composition of the Earth's mantle is uniform globally and only changes as it passes through different layers of crust closer to the planet's surface. Reported in the journal Nature Geoscience, the findings suggest that lavas from volcanic hotspots around the world likely originate from a worldwide uniform reservoir in the Earth's mantle.
*Water More Widespread on the Moon Than Previously Thought
New maps from both the near and far sides of the Moon show that the lunar surface contains vast amounts of water, mostly locked in the lunar regolith. The findings, published in the Planetary Science Journal, suggest multiple sources of water and hydroxyl in sunlit rocks and soils, including water-rich rocks excavated by meteor impacts at all lunar latitudes.
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This week’s guests include: Professor Daniel Price from Monash University
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 114
*Did the Dwarf Planet Ceres Originate in the Asteroid Belt? A new study challenges earlier observations about the origins of Ceres, the largest body in the main asteroid belt. The findings suggest that Ceres may have formed where it currently orbits rather than in the outer solar system.
*Galactic Mystery About Dark Matter and Stars Finally Resolved Astronomers have overturned a longstanding idea that stars and dark matter interact in inexplicable ways. New models suggest that the similarity in density structures across different galaxies might be due to previous oversimplified modelling rather than an actual interaction between stars and dark matter.
*China's Secretive Space Plane Returns to Earth China's experimental reusable spacecraft has completed a 268-day orbital mission. While Beijing claims the mission was for peaceful Space operations, the spacecraft appeared to be inspecting other satellites, raising questions about its true purpose.

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This week’s guests include: Caro Derkenne an ASTRO 3D researcher from Macquarie University   And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from www.techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics    
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