SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 32
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Martian Minerals Indicating Ancient Life, World's Most Powerful Gamma Ray Observatory, and Ariane 6 Rocket Operations Begin
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has discovered unusual rocks on Mars' Jezero crater rim, hinting at the possibility of ancient life. The rocks, rich in kaolinite, typically form in warm, wet environments, suggesting that Mars may have once hosted conditions suitable for life. We delve into the implications of these findings and what they reveal about the planet's watery past.
Advancements in Gamma Ray Astronomy
We also discuss the European Commission's green light for the construction of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, projected to become the world's most powerful gamma ray observatory. This ambitious project aims to vastly expand our understanding of high-energy astronomical phenomena, potentially revealing the origins of gamma rays and their impact on galaxy formation and evolution.
Europe's New Rocket Era
Additionally, we celebrate the successful launch of Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket, marking a significant milestone in the continent's space capabilities. This mission, which deployed the French CSO 3 reconnaissance satellite, signifies a return to independent access to space for Europe, following a series of delays and challenges.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 32 for broadcast on 14 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of kaolinite rocks on Mars
06:30 Implications for ancient Martian life
12:15 Overview of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
18:00 Advancements in gamma ray astronomy
22:45 Successful launch of the Ariane 6 rocket
27:00 Summary of significant scientific developments
30:15 Discussion on recent studies in environmental science
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Communications Earth and Environment
https://www.nature.com/commsenv/
Geology
https://www.geosociety.org/geoabstracts/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 31
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Beaches on Mars, Water's Early Emergence in the Universe, and Voyager's Power Conservation
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the groundbreaking confirmation by China's Zhurong Mars rover, which has revealed that ancient ocean beaches once graced Mars' northern hemisphere. Using advanced ground-penetrating radar, scientists have discovered sedimentary structures resembling Earth's coastal deposits, suggesting that the Red Planet once harbored a significant body of water, potentially creating habitable environments for microbial life.
Water's Early Role in the Universe
We also discuss a new study indicating that water may have formed in the universe much earlier than previously thought, just 100 to 200 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery suggests that habitable planets could have begun forming before the first galaxies, with primordial supernovae playing a crucial role in producing the necessary oxygen for water molecules.
Navigating Voyager's Future
Additionally, we cover NASA's difficult decision to turn off several scientific instruments aboard the Voyager spacecraft to conserve energy and extend their missions. With Voyager 1 and 2 now over 23 and 19 light hours away from Earth, respectively, these measures are essential to prolonging the iconic spacecraft's ability to collect unique data from interstellar space.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 31 for broadcast on 12 March 2025
00:49 Confirmation of ancient beaches on Mars
06:30 Implications for Martian habitability
12:15 Water's early emergence in the universe
18:00 Role of supernovae in water formation
22:45 Voyager spacecraft power conservation efforts
27:00 Overview of the latest scientific studies
30:15 Discussion on gender differences in romantic relationships
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 30
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Earth's Jessica Cycles, Starship's Latest Failure, and Lunar Landings in Trouble
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking discovery linking Earth's ice age cycles to its orbital shifts. Recent research indicates a predictable pattern for glacial and interglacial periods, suggesting the onset of the next ice age could occur in approximately 10,000 years. This insight stems from a million-year climate record that matches changes in Earth's orbit with significant climate shifts.
Starship's Crash and Burn
We also discuss the latest mishap involving SpaceX's Starship, which experienced a dramatic failure just seconds before achieving orbit. The test flight ended in a spectacular explosion over the Caribbean, prompting multiple investigations into the incident. This marks the second consecutive failure for SpaceX's ambitious rocket program, raising concerns about its future, particularly in relation to NASA's Artemis lunar missions.
New Developments on the Moon
Additionally, we report on the recent successful landing of Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost lander on the lunar surface, marking a milestone in commercial lunar exploration. However, not all lunar missions are faring well, as Intuitive Machines' IM2 lander appears to have landed on its side, echoing past failures. Meanwhile, NASA's Lunar Trailblazer has lost communication, raising further concerns about its operational status.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 30 for broadcast on 10 March 2025
00:49 Linking Earth's ice age cycles to orbital shifts
06:30 Predicting the next ice age
12:15 Overview of SpaceX's Starship crash
18:00 Implications for NASA's Artemis program
22:45 Successful landing of Blue Ghost on the Moon
27:00 Challenges faced by IM2 and Lunar Trailblazer missions
30:15 Study on vaping and smoking cessation
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Science
https://www.sciencemag.org/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 29
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Exploring Callisto's Ocean Potential, Laser Fossil Detection on Mars, and ISS Cleanliness Concerns
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into exciting new research suggesting that Jupiter's moon Callisto may harbor a subsurface ocean, potentially making it another ocean world in our solar system. This revelation builds on data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft, which hinted at the presence of a salty liquid water ocean beneath Callisto's icy crust. Advanced modeling techniques have strengthened these claims, setting the stage for further exploration by NASA's Europa Clipper and ESA's Juice missions.
Lasers on Mars: Searching for Ancient Life
We also discuss innovative research that proposes using lasers to identify ancient microbial fossils on Mars. Scientists have successfully detected microbial fossils in gypsum on Earth, raising hopes that similar techniques could uncover evidence of past life on the Red Planet. The findings suggest that gypsum deposits on Mars could conceal traces of ancient life, preserved in mineral formations that formed when water evaporated billions of years ago.
Health Implications of Sterility on the ISS
Additionally, we explore a new study indicating that the overly sterile environment of the International Space Station may be negatively impacting astronaut health. The research suggests that introducing a diverse range of microbes could potentially alleviate immune dysfunction and other health issues experienced by crew members during long missions in space.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 29 for broadcast on 7 March 2025
00:49 New findings on Callisto's potential subsurface ocean
06:30 Implications for future missions to Jupiter's moons
12:15 Using lasers to detect ancient life on Mars
18:00 Analysis of gypsum deposits and their significance
22:45 Concerns regarding ISS cleanliness and astronaut health
27:00 Overview of March's night sky and celestial events
30:15 Celebrating PI Day and its significance in astronomy
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
AGU Advances
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23335784
Cell
https://www.cell.com/
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences
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The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Earth's Climate Shaped by Orion, New Insights into Mars' Red Color, and NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Update
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking study suggesting that Earth's climate may have undergone significant changes around 14 million years ago due to our solar system's journey through the Orion star-forming region. Researchers propose that this passage may have compressed the heliosphere, increasing interstellar dust influx and potentially impacting Earth's climate and geological records.
Revisiting Mars' Iconic Hue
We also discuss new findings that challenge previous assumptions about why Mars is red. Recent research indicates that the planet's rusted appearance may be linked to a wetter history, with liquid water playing a crucial role in the formation of iron oxides. This revelation reshapes our understanding of Mars' habitability and environmental conditions in its ancient past.
NASA's Europa Clipper Mission
Additionally, we provide an exciting update on NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which has successfully completed a close gravity assist flyby of Mars. This maneuver not only altered the spacecraft's trajectory towards Jupiter but also allowed mission managers to test its radar instrument and thermal imager, setting the stage for its upcoming encounters with the icy moon Europa.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 28 for broadcast on 5 March 2025
00:49 Impact of the solar system's journey through Orion on Earth's climate
06:30 Details on the Radcliffe Wave and its significance
12:15 New insights into Mars' red color and history of water
18:00 Analysis of iron oxides and implications for Martian habitability
22:45 Overview of NASA's Europa Clipper mission and its flyby of Mars
27:00 The importance of gravity assists in space missions
30:15 Health implications of screen time on children's vision
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 27
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid 2024 YR4 Impact Risk Reduced, Insights into Mars' Core, and NASA's Lunar Mission Update
In this episode of SpaceTime, we bring you encouraging news about asteroid 2024 YR4, with new observations indicating that the chances of it impacting Earth have plummeted to just 0.001%. Initially flagged as a potential threat, this asteroid has been closely monitored, and the latest data from the Very Large Telescope has allowed astronomers to refine its orbit and rule out any collision risk for 2032.
Exploring the Martian Core
We also delve into a fascinating new study regarding the composition of Mars' core. Research suggests that while it may contain a liquid outer core, there could also be a solid inner core composed of iron and sulfur. This breakthrough could reshape our understanding of the Red Planet's geophysical properties and the role of lighter elements in its core.
NASA's Latest Lunar Mission
Additionally, we provide an update on NASA's latest lunar mission, which has successfully launched and is heading towards the Moon's south pole. The mission features the Intuitive Machines IM2 spacecraft, equipped with the Athena lunar lander and the Lunar Trailblazer orbiter, both designed to conduct groundbreaking research and resource utilization studies on the lunar surface.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 27 for broadcast on 3 March 2025
00:49 Update on asteroid 2024 YR4 impact probability
06:30 Importance of new observations from the Very Large Telescope
12:15 Insights into the Martian core composition
18:00 Research on solid inner core possibilities
22:45 Overview of NASA's lunar IM2 mission
27:00 Archaeological discovery of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh's tomb
30:15 Discussion on the cultural significance of the Skinwalker Ranch series
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms
Journal of Geophysical Research
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
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00:00 New observations have all but completely ruled out asteroid 2024 yr, uh 4 hitting Earth
00:49 New observations all but rule out asteroid 2020 yr 4 hitting Earth in 2032
04:23 New research suggests the Martian core may be at least partially solid
09:06 NASA's latest commercial lunar Payload Services Initiative mission launches on SpaceX rocket
12:48 The Prime One suite includes the Trident drill and the MSOLO spectrometer
18:03 This would be the second lunar landing for intuitive machines
21:22 Ocean currents may be able to withstand future global warming, study finds
23:10 Archaeologists have uncovered the tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh
24:31 The History Channel Secret of Skinwalker Ranch is an alleged reality series

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 26
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid Ryugu's Salty Secrets, Solar Orbiter's Venus Encounter, and NASA's Lunar Resource Exploration
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the recent findings from the asteroid Richie, where scientists have discovered evidence of salt minerals, hinting at the presence of saline water in the outer solar system. This exciting revelation parallels previous discoveries from asteroid Bennu and enhances our understanding of the chemical history of these celestial bodies.
Europe's Solar Orbiter and Venus
We also explore the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter spacecraft as it prepares for a close flyby of Venus. This maneuver will allow the spacecraft to adjust its orbit significantly, enabling unprecedented observations of the Sun's polar regions, which have remained elusive from Earth. The encounter will provide critical data to improve our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
NASA's Polar Ice Experiment
Additionally, we discuss NASA's Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment (PRIME 1), which aims to analyze the Moon's subsurface for potential resources. This mission is pivotal for future manned lunar explorations under the Artemis program, as it seeks to identify local resources that can support sustained human presence on the Moon.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 26 for broadcast on 28 February 2025
00:49 Evidence of salt minerals in Richie samples
06:30 Implications for understanding outer solar system water
12:15 Solar Orbiter's close encounter with Venus
18:00 The significance of observing the Sun's polar regions
22:45 NASA's PRIME 1 mission and lunar resource exploration
27:00 Overview of recent findings on night owls and diabetes
30:15 The impact of glacier melting and climate change
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/
Journal of Diabetes
https://www.diabetesjournals.org/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 25
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Two Arrows of Time, Ancient Rocks on Mars, and NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking discovery by physicists revealing the possibility of two distinct arrows of time emerging from the quantum realm. This fascinating research challenges our conventional understanding of time, suggesting that it may not flow in just one direction, but could theoretically move both forwards and backwards under certain quantum conditions.
NASA's Perseverance Rover Finds Ancient Martian Rocks
We also highlight the latest findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has uncovered new types of rocks that may be the oldest material ever found on Mars. As the rover continues its Crater Rim campaign, it is providing critical insights into the geological history of the Red Planet and the potential for ancient habitable environments.
Countdown to NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
Additionally, we preview the upcoming launch of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission, designed to search for water ice on the Moon. The mission aims to map the distribution and form of lunar water, contributing vital information for future manned and robotic missions to the Moon.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 25 for broadcast on 26 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of two arrows of time in quantum physics
06:30 Implications for our understanding of time
12:15 Perseverance rover's exploration of ancient Martian rocks
18:00 The significance of the Crater Rim campaign
22:45 Overview of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission
27:00 The importance of mapping lunar water resources
30:15 Health concerns linked to aspartame consumption
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/srep
Cell Metabolism
https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 24
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid Impact Odds, Lunar Grand Canyons, and NASA's Stranded Astronauts
In this episode of SpaceTime, we discuss the alarming increase in the odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 impacting Earth, now estimated at 3.1% for December 22, 2032. This asteroid, measuring between 40 to 90 meters, poses a significant threat, and we delve into the implications of planetary defense strategies that could be employed to mitigate this risk.
The Origins of the Moon's Grand Canyons
We also explore new research that suggests the Moon's massive canyons, Vallis Schrodinger and Valles Plank, were carved out by asteroid impacts in a mere 10 minutes. This groundbreaking study provides insights into the Moon's geological history and will have important implications for future lunar missions, particularly the upcoming Artemis program.
NASA's Stranded Astronauts
Additionally, we cover the latest developments regarding NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wiltmore, who have been stranded aboard the International Space Station since June 2024. With the potential for an earlier return home due to a change in SpaceX's Crew 10 mission schedule, we discuss the challenges they faced during their extended stay in orbit.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 24 for broadcast on 24 February 2025
00:49 Increased odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 impact
06:30 Implications for planetary defense strategies
12:15 The formation of lunar canyons from asteroid impacts
18:00 Insights from the Schrodinger impact basin study
22:45 NASA astronauts' potential early return to Earth
27:00 Overview of La Nina's arrival in the eastern Pacific
30:15 The implications of losing the sense of taste
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
NOAA
https://www.noaa.gov
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/jvp
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 23
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Snowball Earth Evidence, Blue Origin's Parachute Failure, and the Moon Illusion Explained
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking geological research that provides compelling evidence for the Snowball Earth hypothesis, suggesting that glaciers may have covered the planet from pole to pole hundreds of millions of years ago. This research reveals insights into Earth's climatic history and the emergence of multicellular life following this extreme glaciation event.
Blue Origin's Lunar Gravity Mission
We also discuss the recent Blue Origin mission, where the New Shepard spacecraft experienced a parachute failure during a lunar gravity simulation flight. Despite the malfunction, mission managers confirm that the capsule was designed to land safely with two parachutes, and investigations are underway to understand the issue.
The Moon Illusion: Why Does It Appear Larger on the Horizon?
Additionally, we explore the fascinating phenomenon known as the Moon illusion, which causes the Moon to appear larger when it is near the horizon compared to when it is high in the sky. We delve into the psychological and perceptual factors that contribute to this optical illusion, despite the Moon's actual size remaining constant.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 23 for broadcast on 21 February 2025
00:49 Evidence supporting the Snowball Earth hypothesis
06:30 Implications for Earth's climatic history
12:15 Blue Origin's lunar gravity mission details
18:00 Analysis of parachute failure during descent
22:45 The Moon illusion and its psychological explanations
27:00 Understanding optical illusions in astronomy
30:15 The self-domestication of wolves and its implications
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org
New England Journal of Medicine
https://www.nejm.org
Royal Society B
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspb
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 22
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Van Allen Radiation Belts, Alien Oceans and Signs of Life, and the Largest Black Hole Radio Jet Ever Detected
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the discovery of two new temporary Van Allen radiation belts created by a massive solar storm that struck Earth in May 2024. This event not only produced stunning auroras but also highlighted the importance of understanding the dynamics of radiation belts for the safety of satellites and astronauts. The findings, reported by NASA's Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment, reveal that these belts can last significantly longer than previously thought, with implications for future solar storms and spaceflight safety.
Searching for Life in Alien Oceans
We also explore the challenges of detecting signs of extraterrestrial life in the subsurface oceans of icy moons like Saturn's Enceladus. A new study suggests that the unique physics of these oceans could hinder the movement of biological signatures from deep waters to the surface, complicating the search for life beyond Earth. This research emphasizes the need to understand ocean dynamics in the search for life in our solar system.
The Largest Black Hole Radio Jet in the Early Universe
Additionally, astronomers have identified the largest radio jet ever seen in the early universe, spanning an astonishing 200,000 light years. This discovery sheds light on the formation of massive jets and quasars, providing crucial insights into the evolution of galaxies in the early cosmos. The quasar, which formed when the universe was just 9% of its current age, challenges previous assumptions about the conditions needed for such powerful jets to form.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 22 for broadcast on 19 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of new Van Allen radiation belts
06:30 Implications of the May solar storm
12:15 Challenges in detecting life in Enceladus's oceans
18:00 The significance of ocean dynamics in extraterrestrial life searches
22:45 The largest black hole radio jet ever observed
27:00 Understanding quasars and their impact on galaxy evolution
30:15 The implications of AI self-replication
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Geophysical Research Space Physics
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007
Communications and Earth Environment
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205

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