Suspense Radio

www.suspensemagazine.com

Suspense Radio, brings you the best of the best in suspense / thriller / mystery and horror. Interviews and reviews in the genres.

  • 28 minutes 35 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 20: Elements of a Thriller

     SHOW NOTES:

    Elements of a Thriller 

    Open with a Bang or a Chill or a Compelling Question 

    Establish the 4 Ws Early-------Who, What, When, and Where 

    Inciting Incident---Sets the protagonist’s story in motion 

    Establish the Story Question—What does the Protagonist want/need? 

    Rising Tension 

    Who/What opposes the Protagonist and Why? 

    What does the antagonist want/need?  

    Establish a Time or Situation Endpoint  

    Scenes advance or obstruct the protagonist’s attaining goal 

    Each power scene poses a question and ends with: 

      

    Yes------------------------------Weak 

    No-------------------------------Better 

    Yes, but------------------------Strong 

    No, and further more———————————-Strongest 



    Convergence of Space and Time—“Life in a Trash Compactor” 


    Epiphany---Protagonist grasps the solution 


    Personal Jeopardy---Protagonist must fear for personal safety 


    Mano a’ Mano---Protagonist must confront antagonist “face to face” 


    Resolution---all major story questions are resolved  

    13 November 2024, 10:06 pm
  • 15 minutes 45 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 19: SUNSHINE STATE is coming

    From Publishers Weekly:

    In Lyle’s ingenious third mystery featuring retired major league pitcher Jake Longly (after 2017’s A-List), Jake, who runs a restaurant in Gulf Shores, Ala., is again roped into working for his father Ray’s PI firm. An attorney has contacted Ray on behalf of Billy Wayne Baker, a convicted serial killer. Though Baker pleaded guilty to strangling seven women, he insists that he killed only five of them, and wants that assertion validated. When Jake meets Baker in prison, the murderer refuses to name the other killer, claiming that doing so would lead to accusations that Jake’s inquiries were biased. The investigator’s task is made even harder by Baker’s not even identifying which of the dead women were killed by someone else . (To his credit, Lyle makes this complicated scenario credible.) Along with his girlfriend, Jake travels to Pine Key, Fla., the scene of three of the strangulations, where the couple pretend to be researching a documentary examining the impact of the killings on the small community. The clever plot twists will surprise even genre veterans. This entry is the best in the series so far.

    https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-60809-336-6

    13 November 2024, 10:01 pm
  • 26 minutes 39 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 18: Gunshot to the chest

    SHOW NOTES:  

    Gunshot wounds (GSWs) come in many flavors and those to the chest can be particularly dicey. Yet, a chest GSW can be a minor flesh wound, a major traumatic event with significant damage, or deadly. If you have a character who suffers such an injury, this podcast is for you. 

      

    Here are few interesting questions about chest GSWs: 

      

    Could a Person Survive a Gunshot to the Chest in the 1880s?

    Q: My scenario is set in 1880. A man in his early 20s is shot in the back by a rifle. He loses a lot of blood and is found a couple of hours later unconscious. Could he survive and if
    so how long would it take him it recuperate? Also, would it be possible to
    bring him to consciousness long enough for another man to get him into a buggy.
    Is any part of this scenario possible?
     


    A: Everything about your scenario works. A gun shot wound (GSW) to the chest can kill in minutes, hours, days, or not at all. The victim would be in pain and may cough and sputter and may even cough up some blood. He could probably walk or crawl and maybe even fight and run if necessary. Painful, but possible. He would likely be
    consciousness so could even help get himself into the wagon.
     

    If all goes well, he should be better and gingerly up and around in a week or two. He would be fully recovered in 6 to 8 weeks. 

    After surviving the initial GSW, the greatest risk to his life would a secondary wound infection. Since no antibiotics were available at that time, the death rate was very high---40 to 80 percent---for wound infections. But, if he did not develop an infection, he would heal up completely. 

      

    How Is A Gunshot To The Chest Treated?


    Q: I have a few questions regarding a gunshot wound that my poor character
    will be sustaining later on in my story. Supposing it's a fairly small caliber
    bullet (typical handgun fare, not buckshot or anything) and it hits near the
    heart without puncturing anything important, how long might his recovery time
    be? He's a strong, kinda-healthy guy in his thirties, although he drinks a fair
    amount and used to smoke. He'll be rushed to a high-quality hospital
    immediately and receive the best care throughout recovery...what's his outlook?
    When will he be allowed to go home, if all goes well? How long before he's
    healed to normal? When will it be safe for him to walk around, drive, have sex,
    etc.?
     


    A: In your story, what happens to your shooting victim depends upon what injuries he received. A gunshot wound (GSW to docs and cops) can be a minor flesh wound or can be immediately deadly or anywhere in between. It all depends on the caliber and
    speed of the bullet and the exact structures it hits. A shot to the heart may
    kill instantly or not. The victim could die in a few minutes or survive for
    days or could recover completely with proper medical care and surgery. It’s
    highly variable but ask any surgeon or ER doctor and they will tell you that
    it’s hard to...

    13 November 2024, 9:58 pm
  • 24 minutes 41 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 17: DNA and Twins

    SHOW NOTES:

    For years it was felt that the DNA of identical twins was indeedidentical. Since they come from a single fertilized egg, this would seem intuitive. But, nature likes to throw curve balls—and the occasional slider. After that first division of the fertilized, and after the two daughter cells go their way toward producing identical humans, things change. And therein lies the genetic differences between two “identical” twins. 

    LINKS:

    One Twin Committed the Crime—but Which One?: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/science/twins-dna-crime-paternity.html 

    The Claim: Identical Twins Have Identical DNA: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/health/11real.html 

    The Genetic Relationship Between Identical Twins: https://www.verywellfamily.com/identical-twins-and-dna-2447117 

    Identical Twins’ Genes Are Not Identical: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/identical-twins-genes-are-not-identical/ 

    Rare Australian Twins Are “Semi-Identical,: Sharing 89 Percent of Their
    DNA:
    https://www.inverse.com/article/53633-semi-identical-twins-share-78-percent-of-dna  

    13 November 2024, 9:51 pm
  • 20 minutes
    Criminal Mischief Episode 16: Arsenic: An historical and modern poison

     From HOWDUNNIT:FORENSICS

      

    Toxicology is a relativelynew science that stands on the shoulders of its predecessors: anatomy,
    physiology, chemistry, and medicine. Our knowledge in these sciences had toreach a certain level of sophistication before toxicology could become areality. It slowly evolved over more than two hundred years of testing,starting with tests for arsenic.
     

    Arsenic had been a commonpoison for centuries, but there was no way to prove that arsenic was the
    culprit in a suspicious death. Scientist had to isolate and then identify arsenic trioxide—the most common toxic form of arsenic— in the human body before arsenic poisoning became a provable cause of death. The steps that led to a reliable test for arsenic are indicative of how many toxicological procedures developed.
     


    1775: Swedish
    chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786) showed that chlorine water would convert arsenic into arsenic acid. He then added metallic zinc and heated the mixture to release arsine gas. When this gas contacted a cold vessel, arsenic would collect on the vessel’s surface.
     


    1787: Johann
    Metzger (1739–1805) showed that if arsenic were heated with charcoal, a shiny, black “arsenic mirror” would form on the charcoal’s surface.
     


    1806: Valentine
    Rose discovered that arsenic could be uncovered in the human body. If the stomach contents of victims of arsenic poisoning are treated with potassium carbonate, calcium oxide, and nitric acid, arsenic trioxide results. This could then be tested and confirmed by Metzger’s test.
     


    1813: French
    chemist Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853) developed a method for isolating arsenic from dog tissues. He also published the first toxicological text, Traité des poisons (Treatise on Poison), which helped establish toxicology as a true science.
     


    1821: Sevillas
    used similar techniques to find arsenic in the stomach and urine of individuals who had been poisoned. This is marked as the beginning of the field of forensic toxicology.
     


    1836: Dr.
    Alfred Swaine Taylor (1806–1880) developed the first test for arsenic in human tissue. He taught chemistry at Grey’s Medical School in England and is credited with establishing the field of forensic toxicology as a medical specialty.
     


    1836: James
    Marsh (1794–1846) developed an easier and more sensitive version of Metzger’s original test, in which the “arsenic mirror” was collected on a plate of glass or porcelain. The Marsh test became the standard, and its principles were the basis of the more modern method known as the Reinsch test,
    which we will look at later in this chapter.
    As you can see, each step in developing a useful testing procedure for arsenic stands on what discoveries came before. That’s the way science works. Step by step, investigators use what others have discovered to discover even more.  

    Acute vs. Chronic Poisoning ...

    13 November 2024, 9:48 pm
  • 23 minutes 45 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 15: Introducing Characters

    SHOW NOTES:

    You never get a second chance to make a first impression. The same is
    true for your fictional characters. So, make them vivid and memorial. How do
    you do this? There are many ways. Let’s explore a few of them.
     

    Riding the Rap--Elmore Leonard


    Ocala Police picked up Dale Crowe Junior for weaving, two o’clock in the
    morning, crossing the center line and having a busted tail light. Then while
    Dale was blowing a point-one-nine they put his name and date of birth into the
    national crime computer and learned he was a fugitive felon, wanted on a
    three-year-old charge of Unlawful Flight to Avoid Incarceration. A few days
    later Raylan Givens, with the Marshals Service, came up from Palm Beach County
    to take Dale back and the Ocala Police wondered about Raylan.

    How come he was a federal officer and Dale Crowe Junior was wanted on a
    state charge. He told them he was with FAST, the Fugitive Apprehension Strike
    Team, assigned to the Sheriff’s Office in West Palm. And that was pretty much
    all this Marshall said. They wandered too, since he was alone, how you’d be
    able to drive and keep an eye on his prisoner. Dale Crowe Junior had been
    convicted of a third-degree five-year felony, Battery of a Police Officer, and
    was looking at additional time on the fugitive warrant. Dale Junior might feel
    he had nothing to lose on this trip so. He was a rangy kid with the build of a
    college athlete, bigger than this marshal in his blue suit and cowboy boots --
    the marshal calm though, not appearing to be the least apprehensive. He said
    the West Palm strike team were shorthanded at the moment, the reason he was
    alone, but believed he would manage.


    The Long Goodbye--Raymond Chandler


    When I got home I mixed a stiff one and stood by the open window in the
    living room and sipped it and listened to the groundswell of traffic on Laurel
    Canyon Boulevard and looked at the glare of the big angry city hanging over the
    shoulder of the hills through which the boulevard had been cut. Far off the
    banshee wail of police or fire sirens rose and fell, never for very long
    completely silent. Twenty four hours a day somebody is running, somebody else
    is trying to catch him. Out there in the night of a thousand crimes, people
    were dying, being maimed, cut by flying glass, crushed against steering wheels
    or under heavy tires. People were being beaten, robbed, strangled, raped, and
    murdered. People were hungry, sick; bored, desperate with loneliness or remorse
    or fear, angry, cruel, feverish, shaken by sobs. A city no worse than others, a
    city rich and vigorous and full of pride, a city lost and beaten and full of
    emptiness. It all depends on where you sit and what your own private score is.
    I didn’t have one. I didn’t care. I finished the drink and went to bed.


    Trouble Is My Business—Raymond Chandler

    (Marlowe meets Harriett Huntress—Chapter 3)


    She wore a street dress...

    13 November 2024, 8:12 pm
  • 24 minutes 58 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 14: Rules of Writing

    SHOW NOTES:

    Somerset Maugham: There are three rules for novel writing. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are. 

    Terry Brooks Rules

    Read, Read, Read 

    Outline, Outline, Outline 

    Write, Write, Write 

    Repeat 


    Dave Barry: Don’t Be Boring


    Elmore Leonard’s 10 Rules of Writing

    1-Never open a book with weather 

    2-Avoid prologues 

    3-Never use a verb other than "said" to carry dialogue 

    4-Never use an adverb to modify the verb “said” 

    5-Keep your exclamation points under control. You are allowed no more than two or three per 100,000 words of prose 

    6-Never use the words "suddenly" or "all hell broke loose 

    7-Use regional dialect, patois, sparingly 

    8-Avoid detailed descriptions of characters 

    9-Don’t go into great detail describing places and things 

    10-Try to leave out the part that readers tend to skip 


    LINKS:

    Elmore Leonard: “What a Guy,” says Jackie Collins 

    https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/aug/21/elmore-leonard-what-a-guy-jackie-collins 

    Writers On Writing: Easy on the Adverbs, Exclamation Points, and Especially Hooptedoodle by Elmore Leonard 

    https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/16/arts/writers-writing-easy-adverbs-exclamation-points-especially-hooptedoodle.html 


    Jack Kerouac’s 30 Tips: 

    http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/kerouac-technique.html 


    6...

    13 November 2024, 8:06 pm
  • 18 minutes 34 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 13: Alice In Wonderland Syndrome

    SHOW NOTES:

    One pill makes you larger, and one pill makes you small  

    And the ones that mother gives you, don't do anything at all  

    Go ask Alice, when she's ten feet tall 



    White Rabbit, The Jefferson Airplane 

      And then there was this excellent question from my friend and wonderful
    writer Frankie Bailey that was published in SUSPENSE MAGAZINE as part of my
    recurring Forensic Files column:
     

    What Drugs Might Cause Side Effects in My Character With Alice in
    Wonderland Syndrome?
     


    Q: I have a question about Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) My
    character is in his mid-30s. From what I've gathered from reading about this
    syndrome, it is fairly common with children and with migraine sufferers and it
    is controllable. However, I want my character to have side-effects. In other
    words, even though the AIWS and his migraines are under control, he is
    increasingly erratic. Insomnia, impotence, and irritability would all be a
    bonus. Could he be dosing himself with some type of herb that he doesn't
    realize would have these side-effects when combined with the medication
    prescribed for AIWS. Or is there a medication for AIWS that might cause these
    kind of side-effects but be subtle enough in the beginning that the person
    becomes mentally unstable before he realizes something is wrong?
     

    FY Bailey 

      

    A: Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is also known as Todd’s Syndrome. It is a
    neurologic condition that leads to disorientation and visual and size
    perception disturbances (micropsia and macropsia). This means that their
    perception of size and distance is distorted. Much like Alice after she
    descended into the rabbit hole and consumed the food and drink she was offered.
     

    AIWS is associated with migraines, tumors, and some psychoactive drugs.
    It is treated in a similar fashion to standard migraines with various
    combinations of anticonvulsants, antidepressants, beta blockers, and calcium
    channel blockers. Both anticonvulsants (Dilantin, the benzodiazepines such as
    Valium and Xanax, and others) and antidepressants (the SSRIs like Lexpro and
    Prozac, the MAOIs like Marplan and Nardil,, and the tricyclic antidepressants
    like Elavil and Tofranil, and others) have significant psychological side
    effects. Side effects such as insomnia, irritability, impotence, confusion,
    disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behaviors of all
    types–some aggressive and others depressive. Beta blockers can cause fatigue,
    sleepiness, and impotence. The calcium channel blockers in general have fewer
    side effects at least on a psychiatric level.
     

    As for herbs almost anything that would cause psychiatric affects could
    have detrimental outcomes in your character. Cannabis, mushrooms, LSD, ecstasy,
    and other hallucinogens could easily make his symptoms worse and his behavior
    unpredictable.
     


    Your...

    13 November 2024, 8:00 pm
  • 26 minutes 55 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 12: Fentanyl, A Dangerous Game

    SHOW NOTES:

    Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is as much as 300 times more powerful than morphine sulfate. It can be injected, ingested, inhaled, and will even penetrate the skin.

    It is used in medical situations frequently for pain management, sedation, and for twilight-anesthesia for things such as colonoscopies. 

    Fentanyl is the number one cause of drug ODs.

    Americans have a slightly higher than 1% chance of ultimately dying of an opioid overdose. That's better than one in 100 people. In fact, 60 people die every day from opioid ODs. That translates to over 22,000 per year. In fact, US life expectancy dropped slightly between 2016 and 2017 due to opioid overdoses.

    Thirteen people suffered a mass OD at a party in Chico, Ca in January, 2019.

    It is often added to other drugs such as heroin to “boost” the heroine effect. Unfortunately, Fentanyl is much more powerful than heroin and when the two are mixed it becomes a deadly combination. It’s also often added to meth and cocaine.

    How powerful is fentanyl? A single tablespoon of it could kill as many as 500 people; 120 pounds as many as 25 million people. A recent bust, the largest in US history, recovered over 250 pounds of Fentanyl secreted in a truck crossing the US-Mexico border-—enough to kill 50 million people. 

    When cops arrest people who possess or are transporting fentanyl they must take precautions not to touch or inhale the product as it could prove fatal. The opioid crises is the reason many cops carry Narcan (Naloxone) with them as either an injection or a nasal spray. It reverses the effects of narcotics very quickly. 

    The “Dark Web” is a source for many things that can’t be purchased or the open market. Weapons, hitmen, and drugs. But even many of these dealers won’t deal Fentanyl. 

    Could fentanyl be used as a weapon of terror? Absolutely. A fentanyl aerosol sprayed into a room of people could easily kill everyone present in a matter of minutes. It is a powerful narcotic that acts very quickly and depresses respiration so that people die from asphyxia. 

    In 2002 a group of around 50 Chechen terrorists who took 850 people hostage in a Moscow theater. Many of the attackers were strapped with explosive vests. The standoff lasted 4 days until the Russians pumped Fentanyl-maybe carfentanil or remifentanil—through the vents and took everyone down. All the terrorists were killed but unfortunately over 200 of the hostages died before medical help could reach them. 

    Carfentanil—-Been around since 1974 but just now entering the world of drug abuse. Used in darts as a large animal tranquilizer. AN analog of fentanyl but is 100X stronger.

    The famous Kristin Rossum “American Beauty” case involved fentanyl.

    LINKS:

    Fentanyl Deaths Top Car Accidents: https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/01/15/accidental-opioid-deaths-top-car-accident-deaths-for-the-first-time/

    Mass OD in Chico, CA: https://www.ems1.com/overdose/articles/393267048-Calif-mass-overdose-highlights-severe-new-phase-of-opioid-epidemic/

    Narcan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone

    Even many “Dark Web” Dealers won’t sell Fentanyl: http://www.newser.com/story/268019/even-dark-web-dealers-refuse-to-sell-this-drug.html

    Fentanyl As Terror Weapon: https://www.breitbart.com/asia/2019/01/03/report-experts-insist-opioid-fentanyl-could-be-used-as-tool-of-terror/

    Fentanyl as WMD: https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/killer-opioid-fentanyl-could-be-a-weapon-of-mass-destruction#gs.UwnsSzO8

    Carfentanil Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfentanil

    Kristin Rossum Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Rossum

    13 November 2024, 7:55 pm
  • 20 minutes 2 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 11: Civil War Limb Pit and the history of Infectious Diseases

     SHOW NOTES:
     

    Here in the 21st century we know a great deal about infectious diseases. We can treat bacterial
    infections with antibiotics, immunize people against numerous diseases,
    understand how viruses work, and have a huge fund of knowledge about surgical
    sterility and disease prevention. This was not always the case. In fact, in the
    history of medicine, all of this is fairly new.
     

      

    During the 14th century, Europeans didn’t understand infectious diseases so when the Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death, struck, they had no understanding of what was
    going on, how to prevent it, and, more importantly, how to treat it. They were
    at the mercy of a bacterium that currently is easily treatable. The Black Death
    killed between a third and a half of the population of Europe and dramatically
    altered the trajectory of world history.
      

     Simply put they say: 

    1-If an organism is causing a disease, it must be present in those who suffer from the disease and
    not in those who are healthy.
     

    2-The suspected organism must be isolated from the diseased individual and grown in culture. 

    3-The cultured organism must then be given to a healthy individual and reproduce the disease. 

    4-The organism must then be isolated from this newly diseased individual and identified. 


    Each of these steps is necessary to show that a particular organism causes a particular disease and is transmissible from one person to another. Basically, this is how infectious diseases work. 

    Unfortunately, Koch’s Postulates were not put forward until the 1880s, a couple of decades after the
    Civil War.
     

    During the Civil War, almost any battlefield injury could lead to death, most often from a secondary
    wound infection. A gunshot to the leg, or arm, or really anywhere could become infected quite easily and this infection could spread through the entire body causing sepsis, which would ultimately lead to death. More soldiers died from infection than from their injuries. Surgeons at that time understood the danger of infections, even though they didn’t know what caused it, and had no clue how to prevent or treat them. This meant that serious limb injuries were treated with amputation. Get rid of the injured limb and hopefully lessen the possibility of a secondary infection. Of course, post-surgical infections were also common and also lead to death.
     

    Not only were sterile techniques and antibiotics unavailable at that time, but also any form of
    anesthesia was not to be found on most battlefields. Ether was around, having been first demonstrated by William T. G. Morton in 1846, but it’s use and availability wasn’t widespread. This means that a battlefield surgeon’s best skill was speed. Sort of the surgical equivalent of "ripping off the Band-Aid." Any surgery was agony and the quicker it was done, and the sooner it was over, the better for the victim. And the...

    13 November 2024, 7:49 pm
  • 21 minutes 3 seconds
    Criminal Mischief Episode 10: Rattlesnakes and Murder

    SHOW NOTES:


    “Good fences make good neighbors”—Robert Frost,”Mending Wall”  

    I suspect Ryan Felton Sauter’s neighbor, Keith Monroe, would agree.  

    People commit murder for a host of reasons. Things like financial gain, revenge, lust, anger, to cover
    another crime, and many other motives. It seems that these motives can even
    include a dispute with the dude who parked his RV next to yours.
     

    All sorts of weapons are used for committing murder. Guns, knives, poisons, explosives, ligatures,
    drownings, and gentle pushes off buildings or cliffs. Oh, don't forget
    rattlesnakes. This seems to be what Mr. Sauter decided to employ. Simply
    slipping the reptile into his neighbors RV might not work since rattlesnakes
    make that buzzing noise to warn people away. So, wouldn't it be best to simply
    remove the rattle. And I guess the best way for that is to bite it off.


    You simply can't make this stuff up. 

    But snakebites are not always the result of some criminal activity. In fact, they rarely are. Most
    snakebites occur accidentally. Hunters and hikers know this all too well. As a
    kid growing up in Alabama, and stomping around in the woods on a daily basis, I
    knew snakes well. I knew which ones to avoid and which ones were harmless. A
    black racer was scary and fast, but harmless. Stumble on a rattlesnake or a
    copperhead and that's a different story. And until you've seen a water
    moccasin, or as we call them cottonmouth, you haven't seen an evil looking
    serpent. These guys are thick, dark, and prehistoric looking. And very
    dangerous. Yes, they can bite you in the water. So before you jump into that
    swimming hole deep in the woods, you better make some noise and shake up the
    water run off any cottonmouth might be around.
     

    But other people are bitten while they are handling snakes. I don't mean just biologist or
    herpetologist, those that study these creatures, but also those who use them in
    religious ceremonies. You might think that snake handling is a thing of the
    past and something that is only found in the South, but that's not true. There
    are still several snake handling churches from coast-to-coast. Even though in
    many locations snake owning and handling is not legal, the laws get shaky when
    it's under the guise of religion.
     


    Their justifications come from Mark 16:17-18  

    "And these signs
    shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they
    shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink
    any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and
    they shall recover.”
     

    Snake handling in churches is often traced back to 1910 when George Went Hensley began incorporating them into his services at his Church of God with Signs Following. Many others have
    followed in his footsteps. And many have been bitten such as John Wayne,
    “Punkin” Brown and Jamie Coots, whose son Cody was also bitten while preaching
    but saved when...

    13 November 2024, 7:40 pm
  • More Episodes? Get the App
© MoonFM 2024. All rights reserved.