They really were quite good at it.--Produced by David MainayarWritten by Eduardo D'Ambrosio & ‪David Mainayar3D visualization by Eduardo D'Ambrosio Edited by David Mainayar, kingfrick, ‪ @KnowHistory  Music from Epidemic Sound & Total War: Rome

Where are the Romans now? You're looking at em.

• 0:00 - Intro
• 1:20 - Level I: The Calamities
• 13:12 - Level II: The Blunderers
• 21:43 - Level III: The Benchwarmers
• 25:38 - Level IV: The Patriarchs
• 31:12 - Level V: The Firefighters
• 36:59 - Level VI: The Imperialists
• 43:49 - Level VII: The Founders

Chapters:

1. Intro - 0:00
2. Chapter I: The Early Normans - 1:26
3. Chapter II: The Italian Normans - 1:00:57
4. Chapter III: The English Normans - 1:53:51
5. Chapter IV: The Crusader Normans - 3:34:00
6. Chapter V: 4:29:56

Primary Sources:

• Adémar de Chabannes. Chronicon and related forgeries. Early 11th century.
• Amatus of Montecassino. L'Ystoire de li Normant. ca. 1080.
• Anna Komnene. The Alexiad. ca. 1148.
• Dudo of Saint-Quentin. Historia Normannorum (History of the Normans). ca. 996–1015.
• Geoffrey Malaterra. De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis (The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily). ca. 1099–1101.
• Henry of Huntingdon. Historia Anglorum (History of the English).
• John of Fécamp. Letter to Pope Leo IX. ca. 1050s.
• Richer of Saint-Remi. Historiarum Libri Quatuor (Four Books of Histories). ca. 990s.
• Snorri Sturluson. Heimskringla. 13th century.
• William of Apulia. Gesta Roberti Wiscardi (The Deeds of Robert Guiscard). ca. 1096.
• William of Jumièges. Gesta Normannorum Ducum (Deeds of the Norman Dukes). 11th century.
• William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum (Deeds of the English Kings). ca. 1125.

Secondary Sources:

• Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987. Edited by R. Allen Brown. 1988.
• Barlow, Frank. Vita Ædwardi Regis [The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster].
• Barlow, Frank. William I and the Norman Conquest. 1965.
• Bates, David. William the Conqueror. 2009.
• Blair, John. Building Anglo-Saxon England. 2018.
• Brownworth, Lars. The Normans: From Raiders to Kings. Crux Publishing, 2014.
• Crouch, David. The Normans: The History of a Dynasty. Hambledon and London, 2002.
• Davis, R. H. C. “The Warhorses of the Normans.” In Medieval Warfare 1000–1300, edited by John France, 54–67. Farnham: Ashgate, 2006.
• Douglas, David C. William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact upon England. 1964.
• English Heritage. “How to Organise a Norman Invasion Fleet.” https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/l
• Neveux, François. The Normans: The Conquests That Changed the Face of Europe. Translated by Howard Curtis. Constable, 2008.
• Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South, 1016–1130. Longmans, 1967.
• Roach, Levi. Empires of the Normans: Makers of Europe, Conquerors of Asia. London: John Murray; New York: Pegasus Books, 2022.
• Saxon History. “The Ship List of William the Conqueror.” https://saxonhistory.co.uk/FORMS-Page
• Searle, Eleanor. Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066. University of California Press, 1988.
• Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C. The Normans in Europe. Manchester University Press, 2000.
• Viking Ship Museum. “William the Conqueror’s Ship List.” https://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/enWaley, D. P. “Combined Operations in Sicily, A.D. 1060–78.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., vol. 7 (1957): 21–39.

The final installment in a three-part series on Alexander the Great.

Sources:

• Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt.
• Bolitho, William. Twelve Against the Gods. 1929.
• Freeman, Philip. Alexander the Great. 2011.
• Plutarch. Life of Alexander and Life of Caesar. Translated by Rex Warner.
• “How Did Alexander the Great Sustain His Army?” https://www.historyhit.com/how-did-alexander-the-great-sustain-his-army/

• “Philip II and Macedonian Logistics.” History Hit. https://www.historyhit.com/philip-ii-macedonian-logistics/
• The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great, ed. Daniel Ogden. Cambridge University Press, 2024.
• The Oxford World History of Empire, eds. Peter Fibiger Bang, C. A. Bayly, and Walter Scheidel. Oxford University Press, 2021.

• 1:10 - Level I: The Fakes
• 6:39 - Level II: The Traders
• 13:46 - Level III: The Exploiters
• 22:31 - Level IV: The Survivors
• 35:55 - Level V: The Meteors
• 38:49 - Level VI: The Superpowers
• 45:20 - Level VII: The Architects

0:00 - Intro 2:06 - Level I: The Frauds6:28 - Level II: The Pretenders9:16 - Level III: The Phantoms13:43 - Level IV: The Progenitors22:02 - Level V: The Icons30:25 - Level VI: The Comets34:30 - Level VII: The World-Builders

The second installment in a three-part series on Alexander the Great.

Sources:

• Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt.
• Bolitho, William. Twelve Against the Gods. 1929.
• Freeman, Philip. Alexander the Great. 2011.
• Plutarch. Life of Alexander and Life of Caesar. Translated by Rex Warner.
• “How Did Alexander the Great Sustain His Army?” https://www.historyhit.com/how-did-alexander-the-great-sustain-his-army/

• “Philip II and Macedonian Logistics.” History Hit. https://www.historyhit.com/philip-ii-macedonian-logistics/

The first installment in a three-part series on Alexander the Great.

Sources:

• Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt.
• Bolitho, William. Twelve Against the Gods. 1929.
• Freeman, Philip. Alexander the Great. 2011.
• Plutarch. Life of Alexander and Life of Caesar. Translated by Rex Warner.
• “How Did Alexander the Great Sustain His Army?” https://www.historyhit.com/how-did-alexander-the-great-sustain-his-army/

• “Philip II and Macedonian Logistics.” History Hit. https://www.historyhit.com/philip-ii-macedonian-logistics/

The third installment in a four-part series on the Normans. This part is focused on William the Conqueror's life & times.

Play War Thunder for FREE on PC, PlayStation, Xbox, and mobile! New & returning PC/console players get a massive bonus pack: premium vehicles, the “Eagle of Valor” decorator, 100,000 Silver Lions & 7 days of Premium.https://wtplay.link/empirebuildershttps://wtm.game/empirebuilders--The third installment in a four-part series on the Normans. This part is focused on William the Conqueror's life & times. Chapters:0:00 - King & Conqueror 1:51 - Intro4:34 - Fulk Nerra13:03 - Emma, "Jewel of Normandy"28:23 - Edward the Confessor41:02 - William the Conqueror Sources:Anglo‑Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987. Edited by R. Allen Brown. 1988.Barlow, Frank. Vita Ædwardi Regis [The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster]. Barlow, Frank. William I and the Norman Conquest. 1965.Bates, David. William the Conqueror. 2009. Blair, John. Building Anglo‑Saxon England. 2018.Douglas, David C. William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact upon England. 1964.English Heritage. “How to Organise a Norman Invasion Fleet.”https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/1066-and-the-norman-conquest/how-to-organise-a-norman-invasion-fleetHenry of Huntingdon. Historia Anglorum [History of the English].Roach, Levi. Empires of the Normans: Makers of Europe, Conquerors of Asia. 2022. Saxon History. “The Ship List of William the Conqueror.”https://saxonhistory.co.uk/FORMS-Page-Builder.php?Pg=1066AD_the_ship_list_of_william_the_conqueror#topViking Ship Museum. “William the Conqueror’s Ship List.”https://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/professions/education/the-longships/the-historical-sources/william-the-conquerors-ship-list

The third chapter in a six-part docuseries on the Burgundians. This part is focused on Philip the Bold.

The first chapter in a four-part series on the Normans. This one traces their journey from Scandinavia to Normandy.