With Jerry Landry of The Presidencies of The United States Podcast [https://www.presidenciespodcast.com/] we talk about a decisive point in John Adam's presidency where the capital moved to Trenton, and Adams had gone to Massachusetts. He comes back to take a decisive stand that will mean a lot for the history of the U.S. Presidency.

Jerry's show can be found at - https://www.presidenciespodcast.com. The episode following this one is called "Some Awful Crisis" and it is at - https://www.presidenciespodcast.com/217-some-awful-crisis/

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We look at the Maine and Nebraska congressional district system of Presidential elector assignment and its history as both the NE2 and ME2 went for different candidates than the statewide winner for the first time in history. That and other 2020 Election thoughts.  

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Only one person has been elected President twice in non-consecutive terms. But it was not easy. To do it Grover Cleveland had to pass a few difficult tests. From Goody-Goodies to Anti-Snappers, to Anti-Egoists and Scarecrow Festivals; from entering opposing party contests in secret ways to placing bets for your own candidate, to pretending to run in states and letting a third party win, to taking forceful honest stands, 1892 had everything. It was a triumph of navigating complex steampower politics.

The first being, did he really want to run again?

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In our third episode on the close 1916 election, a group of events take place between the nomination of candidates and the voting that help to determine the election. In the end, it comes down to two states.

In a development that will never happen again in history, many voters are not enamored with either candidate. Why they decide to pick one or the other, or not vote, is what we will examine in this episode.

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Music is by Lee Rosevere.

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Both major parties have their conventions. The Democratic swashbucklers are at the podium, firing up a party to get excited about Wilson by linking him to a cause. One he didn't ask to be linked to. The Republicans get their party united, and toastmaster Warren G. Harding is fierce as he makes the case to dump Wilson. The Socialists also pick new candidates, a decision which may be as impactful as anything on Election Day.

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America decides whether or not to re-elect a President and it's close. Bruce does his best 1916 version of Steve Kornacki going through the returns as they come in and as the nation awaits a verdict. A President that hadn't been elected with a majority, a re-election that happens while Europe is at war. Early results show that America will get a new President. But those pesky precincts. Why can't they count the vote faster? We talk about the factors behind the election and Wilson's Presidency.

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Did Aaron Burr try to run for President on the sly, while claiming he didn't? What about that dinner with Jefferson? Did Stephen Douglas stump when he said he was "just visiting his mom?" Plus the idea of campaigning or not campaigning, counting or not counting the soldier vote. This, and other stories of that American tradition of not running for President.

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They called him the "Hamlet on the Hudson." What series on people not running for President in American history would be complete without the former governor of New York Mario Cuomo. He was famous for coming ever-so-close to running for President. And then, not running. In one case, he left a plane on a tarmac for reporters to watch for hours. Was it politics? Was it bad timing? Was it preference for state government? What about those mob ties [real or imagined] that were talked about? And was it, just maybe, a kind a weird psychological thing? We examine it all, in detail, on this episode.

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One thing Horatio Seymour made clear was that he was not running for President. He made it clear by saying not only he would not run but that he "must not be President." His party simply didn't care. And so, there he was on the ballot. In this three-part series we look at people not running for President, not knowing they were running, or in the case of Greeley unable to finish the run because, well, they were not alive. You'll find that not running for President (but announcing it) is almost as much a part of American political history as running for the office.

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The Supreme Court said in 1954 that segregated schools were inherently illegal. It took decades to fully address the problem. While events in the South are often discussed, events North also are important to focus on to understand the history. This cast blends modern events with a cast from 2007 talking about Brown, Brown III, Swain, PIC and the associated decisions.

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Re running this episode from 2022. There's been no letdown in the relevancy of this topic since then. College costs have been an issue since the founding of the Republic, as we discuss in this issue, And equally, the desire to provide education to young minds has been strong. What's different about the era we live in is that college is closely associated with debt. Debt that cannot be removed by bankruptcy, and debt that is now considered a national problem.

We look at student loans, their history, and on the way a bit of a history of American education. How Harvard isn't Harvard, in a manner of speaking. How Jefferson and Wilson got seriously involved in dorms. How Nixon created a monster, though we can say on purpose. How even education for GIs has been controversial, and how Senator Joe Biden played a role in the problem that President Joe Biden seeks to solve (or ameliorate).

Thankful to Brian Stolk and Chris Novembrino who made contributions to research for this episode.

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