Join Collin Hansen, Michael Graham, and Sarah Zylstra as they continue to look back on the top theology stories from the last 25 years. In part 1, they counted down stories #10 to #6. Now in part 2, Graham and Zylstra walk with Hansen through his stories #5 down to #1.

In This Episode:
00:00:00 – Why homosexuality became a presenting issue dividing the church
00:00:41 – Sarah Zylstra introduces the second half of the top 10 list
00:01:34 – Recap of stories 10 through 6 from the previous episode
00:03:06 – Number 5: COVID-19 shuts the world down
00:04:57 – COVID, institutional mistrust, and the authority of scientists
00:06:25 – A decade of digital change compressed into one year
00:09:22 – What COVID did to church attendance and online ministry
00:11:38 – Rediscovering embodied worship after metaverse-era predictions
00:14:11 – Number 4: The Trump era and its theological consequences
00:15:41 – Supreme Court appointments, religious liberty, and legal change
00:18:50 – Dobbs, abortion, and evangelical disengagement from the pro-life cause
00:19:54 – Immigration as a leading social and theological issue
00:22:13 – Executive power, post-liberalism, and Christian nationalism
00:24:05 – Number 3: Obergefell and the moral transformation of marriage
00:25:20 – Sexuality, family, and the collapse of shared moral norms
00:27:48 – Don Carson’s 2005 warning about homosexuality as a presenting issue
00:29:22 – Mainline denominational splits and the global Methodist divide
00:32:11 – Why many evangelicals held to historic sexual ethics
00:33:17 – How race and sexuality became bundled in public discourse
00:36:56 – Rebecca McLaughlin and navigating race and sexuality faithfully
00:37:21 – Number 2: The iPhone and the shift to digital life
00:38:05 – Smartphones, fertility decline, and changing social habits
00:39:13 – Social contagion, gender identity, and online plausibility structures
00:40:08 – Podcasts, YouTube, AI, and the reshaping of knowledge
00:43:44 – Mike Graham on screens, AI, and the future of epistemology
00:48:00 – Individualized media diets, institutional decline, and gender divergence
00:50:06 – AI sycophancy, abuse scandals, and algorithm-shaped reality
00:53:51 – Why digital life felt like it could have been number one
00:54:26 – Number 1: Why 9/11 tops the list
00:56:23 – Christianity, Islam, and civilizational conflict
01:00:07 – 9/11, the new atheism, and the category of “fundamentalism”
01:02:01 – Theodicy, suffering, and major disasters after 9/11
01:03:12 – Mike Graham on why 9/11 is civilizationally decisive
01:06:17 – Middle Eastern Christians, Iraq, Syria, and migration into Europe
01:07:11 – Signs of God’s providence and good emerging from tragedy
01:09:18 – Tim Keller, New York church planting, and the young, restless, and Reformed movement
01:12:58 – Closing reflections on God’s providence over the last 25 years

Resources Mentioned:

• Rediscover Church by Collin Hansen and Jonathan Leeman
• The Secular Creed by Rebecca McLaughlin
• The WEIRDest People in the World by Joseph Henrich
• Generations by Jean M. Twenge
• Timothy Keller by Collin Hansen

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Join Collin Hansen, Michael Graham, and Sarah Zylstra as they look back on the top theology stories from the last 25 years. In part 1 of this two-part series, Graham and Zylstra walk with Hansen through his stories #10 down to #6.

Since the year 2000, religion in America has changed dramatically. As recently as the 1990s, religion in America was what Tim Keller called “thick”: In general, many clergy were held in high esteem, churches were respected, and people either belonged to a congregation or knew that would be a good idea.

Yet since 2000, the percent of religious Americans has dropped and the number of nones (no religion) has jumped up from 8 percent to 22 percent—and climbing.

So while social commentators lament how much time Americans spend on our screens, describe how views on sexuality have drastically changed, identify how our politics have become sharply polarized, and observe how mental health especially in Gen Z has declined, they often miss the biggest story of all, the one underneath all the others—the decline in attention and deference to God.

In This Episode:

00:00 — The Great Dechurching: belief vs. disaffiliation
00:32 — Sarah hosts: why a 30,000-foot view now
03:26 — “Factfulness” and why we overlook positive trends
05:00 — #10: Global church leadership moving south
09:02 — Theological education hasn’t moved south at the same pace
10:03 — #9: Rise of non-denominational congregations
14:49 — Data point: non-denominationalism grows from ~3% (1972) to ~14–15% today
17:27 — Why churches drop denominational labels; media amplification; scandal-by-association
20:00 — #8: China’s church growth—and crackdown
22:07 — India, Hindu nationalism, and persecution; Nigeria and the Africa frontier
25:41 — #7: The Dechurching of America
30:24 — Apologetics after dechurching: from hostility to apathy
34:25 — Are churches fewer but stronger?
36:39 — Retention vs. conversion: why evangelical identity declines less
39:09 — #6: The Great Awokening (Ferguson to Floyd)
47:20 — Four paradigms for navigating race in America
52:44 — Wrap-up: Part 2 teaser
53:10 — Outro + where to find the podcast/newsletter

Resources Mentioned:

• Factfulness by Hans Rosling
• The Reason for God by Timothy Keller
• Making Sense of God by Timothy Keller
• A Secular Age by Charles Taylor
• Divided by Faith by Michael Emerson
• The Color of Compromise by Jemar Tisby
• We Have Never Been Woke by Musa al-Gharbi

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When we receive applications for fellows at The Keller Center for Cultural Apologetics, we ask them to answer the question, “What one thing should Christians do right now to introduce their neighbors to Jesus?” It’s not that we think there’s only one answer. It’s that we want them to identify the top priority. Last year we were surprised when every applicant gave the same answer. They talked about the public witness of gathered Christians, the church.

Maybe they were responding to negative press about the church, going back 25 years to the Catholic abuse scandal at the same time the internet became ubiquitous. Or maybe they were expressing renewed appreciation for the gathered church after the COVID-era shutdowns and public disorder. Either way, they were going back to biblical concept rooted in Israel’s testimony to the nations, and the early church in the book of Acts that found favor with all. 

Bob Thune is a fellow for the Keller Center and writes about this so-called ecclesial apologetics in a chapter for our new book, The Gospel After Christendom: An Introduction to Cultural Apologetics, published by Zondervan Reflective. He’s also a featured teacher in an exciting new video small-group curriculum called Making Sense of Us, published by The Gospel Coalition and Keller Center. His session, recorded against the backdrop of the Statue of Liberty in New York City, covers the cultural narrative we tell each other in the modern West about liberty. We believe this curriculum can help you, especially young adults, to both evangelize and edify. When you watch and study with other church members, and even non-Christians, you can learn together about the Bible’s better story about liberty, which we live out together in the church. 

In This Episode:

00:00 – A deeper freedom: set free from self for love 

00:32 – Keller Center fellows: why the gathered church matters for witness 

01:41 – Introducing Bob Thune, ecclesial apologetics, and Making Sense of Us 

02:39 – Lesslie Newbigin and a missionary posture toward the modern West 

05:06 – Is Omaha post-Christian? Modern Western culture everywhere 

06:34 – Ecclesial apologetics despite church messiness 

09:17 – Gospel doctrine and gospel culture (truth, goodness, beauty) 

11:03 – Christian hospitality: making room for outsiders with conviction and listening 

17:03 – Why this differs from the seeker movement 

19:10 – Transition to Making Sense of Us: liberty and the Statue of Liberty backdrop 

20:16 – Modern misconception: freedom as “freedom from” (negative liberty) 

22:17 – Galatians 5: freedom subverted and fulfilled—freedom for love and service 

24:48 – Choice as happiness: dislodging the assumption pastorally 

26:55 – Cultural pressure points: teen mental health, friendship decline, obligation 

29:15 – Autonomy and assisted dying/euthanasia debates 

31:56 – More choice, more frustration: speech platforms and “Netflix paralysis” 

33:50 – Patience for contested proposals (post-liberalism, nationalism, etc.) 

35:01 – “Freedom for” the common good and a shared human project 

39:13 – Three church roles: solidarity-bringer, subversive fulfillment, alternative city 

43:27 – Augustine’s lesson: church power, loss, and enduring hope 

44:05 – Recommended reading and resources roundup 

Resources Mentioned:

• The Gospel After Christendom by Collin Hansen
• Making Sense of Us by John Starke, Rebecca McLaughlin, Sam Chan, Trevin Wax, Rachel Gilson, Bob Thune, Glen Scrivener, Michael Keller
• The Air We Breathe by Glen Scrivener 
• The Anxious Generation by Jonathan Haidt 
• The Great Divorce by C.S. Lewis 
• Democracy and Solidarity by James Davison Hunter 
• City of God by Augustine of Hippo

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“Do any of us really want to be in the position where our retirement account grows in sync with the cancer ward?”

That’s the question posed by Robin John about tobacco, responsible for 100 million deaths in the last 100 years. Naturally all of us would say no, we don’t want to benefit from other people dying. Yet as Robin points out in his new book, The Good Investor: How Your Work Can Confront Injustice, Love Your Neighbor, and Bring Healing to the World, many of us do hold mutual funds that invest in tobacco companies. We just don’t know it. Come to think of it, how much do we know about any of our investments, especially in long-term retirement accounts?

Robin John is the cofounder and CEO of Eventide, an asset management firm dedicated to honoring God and investing in companies that create compelling value for the common good. His vision for Eventide's values-based investing shows how our work can benefit everyone and not just bolster the bottom line for a fortunate few. I’d go so far as to say our world can be a much better place if investors—and employees of all kinds—will learn from his example and prioritize what really matters now, and in eternity.

In This Episode
0:00 – Joy, purpose, and God’s design for everyday work
1:49 – Why The Good Investor is ultimately a book about joy
2:48 – Growing up in Kerala, India, and immigrating to the U.S.
4:42 – Community, individualism, and caring for the vulnerable
7:41 – Returning to India and confronting workplace injustice
10:49 – Rethinking success, profit, and the purpose of work
11:53 – Why Christians must examine their investments
14:33 – What does it mean to “root for” a company’s success?
15:36 – Discernment, gray areas, and biblical values in investing
18:07 – Avoiding evil and actively pursuing the common good
19:43 – Weaponry, conscience, and consistency at Eventide
20:13 – The cautionary story of Bill Hwang and ill-gotten gain
23:19 – The false divide between faith and work
25:07 – How investing has changed since 2008
27:14 – What ESG investing is—and where it diverges from Christianity
31:19 – Mission alignment vs. values alignment
32:23 – Encouragement for ordinary, faithful work
34:44 – Legacy, goodness, and hearing “well done”

Resources Mentioned

• The Good Investor by Robin John

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At the end of the class on cultural apologetics I teach at Beeson Divinity School, I assign a group exercise. The students need to compose 10 questions and answers from a modern-day catechism. Historically catechisms have emerged during times of cultural transition and confrontation—such as our own, in the aftermath of Christendom and the Enlightenment, awaiting whatever develops in post-liberalism.

So catechisms are not merely a relic of our past but a vital resource for the present that prepares us for the future. I’m delighted with how The New City Catechism, especially our devotional, still serves readers. And I’m delighted by a new volume, The Gospel Way Catechism: 50 Truths that Take on the World, published by Harvest House and written by my friends Trevin Wax and Thomas West.

Tim Keller said, “We need a counter-catechism that explains, refutes, and re-narrates the world’s catechisms to Christians.” And what’s what Trevin and Thomas have done in The Gospel Way Catechism. Trevin is vice president of research and resource development at the North American Mission Board. Thomas is the pastor of Nashville First Baptist Church.

In This Episode
00:00 – What’s wrong with the world: deeper than ignorance or injustice
00:34 – Collin’s “modern catechism” assignment and why catechisms return in transitions
01:03 – Introducing The Gospel Way Catechism and Keller’s “counter catechism” vision
01:36 – Welcoming Trevin Wax and Thomas West
01:54 – “Can Baptists write a catechism?” and Baptist catechesis history
02:57 – Influential catechisms: Keach, Spurgeon, Heidelberg, Luther, Calvin, Westminster
03:23 – Most controversial truths today: sexuality and deeper “me-first” narratives
04:51 – “What has gone wrong?”: ignorance, injustice, expressive individualism
07:14 – Moving beyond whack-a-mole to the Bible’s deeper diagnosis
09:37 – Western self-centeredness and sin as being “curved in on ourselves”
12:24 – Writing process and Keller’s influence: every catechism is counter-catechesis
13:48 – Origin story at The Kilns (C. S. Lewis’s home) and testing in a London church
15:45 – Objections: “we don’t need this” and why cultural frames change catechesis needs
20:18 – Returning from London: seeing American wealth, waste, and politics differently
24:13 – Why Leviticus gets a chapter: sacrifice, scapegoating, and modern idols
27:59 – Catechesis and spiritual formation: tools, Word-centeredness, and Gen Z hunger
31:38 – Encouragement from readers: cultural narratives filtered, doctrine re-centered
33:09 – In 20 years: transhumanism, bioethics, reproductive tech, assisted dying
36:06 – “What is human?” and “What is truth?”—new iterations of old questions
36:39 – Closing thanks and sign-off

Resources Mentioned

• The Gospel Way Catechism by Trevin Wax & Thomas West
• New City Catechism by Kathy Keller
• A Heart Aflame for God by Matthew Bingham

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Here in Birmingham, Alabama, I often teach about the civil-rights movement as the most effective faith-based movement for social change in American history. We have a bitter heritage of violent segregation. But the same city produced the heroes of the struggle, the ordinary men and women (especially children) who stared down the police dogs and fire hoses in the march for their freedom. 

Justin Giboney honors such heroes as pastor Fred Shuttlesworth and commends their example for today in an informative, provocative book, Don’t Let Nobody Turn You Around: How the Black Church’s Public Witness Leads Us Out of the Culture War, published by IVP. Justin is the cofounder and president of the AND Campaign. The endorsement of this book by Bob Roberts calls Justin a “strange mix of Tim Keller and Martin Luther King Jr. wrapped up in his own personality and voice.” High praise!

In This Episode
00:00 – Jesus, truth, and critiquing our own side 
00:33 – Birmingham, civil rights, and faith-based social change 
01:00 – Introducing Don’t Let Nobody Turn You Around 
01:40 – The burden behind writing the book 
03:07 – Family history and the Black church tradition 
04:05 – Why Fred Shuttlesworth matters 
05:14 – “Biblicist and actionist”: faith and public courage 
06:05 – Nonviolence, moral discipline, and leadership 
07:11 – Shuttlesworth and King: contrasts and complements 
09:23 – Why moral progress isn’t inevitable 
12:10 – Moral imagination and Christian hope 
15:57 – What is the culture war? 18:44 – Humility, self-critique, and redeemable opponents 
21:29 – Justice, moral order, and refusing false binaries 
22:51 – King, the late 1960s, and the cost of a “third way” 
25:26 – Militancy, frustration, and historical context 
28:01 – Why Christians can’t abandon character 
31:12 – Tyranny, violence, and ending debate by force 
33:18 – Advice for young activists 
35:19 – Frederick Douglass and critiquing your own movement 
38:37 – Accountability, power, and political humility 
43:36 – Christian nationalism and historical amnesia 
47:24 – Final encouragement: civility, faithfulness, and hope 

Resources Mentioned

• Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around: How the Black Church's Public Witness Leads Us out of the Culture War by Justin Giboney

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Work is the meaning of life.

Got your attention?

Your identity is tied to what you do.

I bet I have it now.

So argues David Bahnsen in his book Full-Time: Work and the Meaning of Life. Bahnsen is the founder, managing partner, and chief investment officer of The Bahnsen Group, a national private wealth management firm. He’s also the author of several books, including Crisis of Responsibility: Our Cultural Addiction to Blame and How You Can Cure It.

In This Episode
00:00 – Why Christians shouldn’t pit work against family or church
01:10 – Why Full Time Work and the Meaning of Life matters so deeply to Bahnsen
02:11 – Losing his father and discovering purpose through work
03:56 – The church’s discomfort with ambition and vocation
06:00 – Identity, salvation, and what our work says about us
09:06 – “Work is the meaning of life?” A biblical case from Genesis
12:55 – The crisis of men not working and its social consequences
16:12 – How Reformed theology shapes Bahnsen’s view of vocation
19:41 – The influence of Tim Keller and Every Good Endeavor
23:14 – Rejecting the zero-sum view of family vs. career
31:41 – Productivity, early mornings, and modeling joyful work
36:10 – Why in-person work still matters after COVID
44:39 – Conviction, politics, and resisting tribal thinking
54:21 – Overcoming resentment by telling the truth

Resources Mentioned

• Full-Time: Work and the Meaning of Life by David Bahnsen
• Crisis of Responsibility: Our Cultural Addiction to Blame and How You Can Cure It by David Bahnsen
• Every Good Endeavor: Connecting Your Work to God’s Work by Tim Keller

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Join Collin Hansen and Melissa Kruger for their annual discussion as they look back on the top theology stories of 2025 and look towards the year to come. They also share their favorite interviews and books from 2025, updates on personal projects, and what they’re each looking forward to in life and ministry in 2026.

Resources Mentioned

• Theo of Golden by Allen Levi
• Believe by Ross Douthat
• Superbloom by Nicholas Carr
• Everything Is Never Enough by Bobby Jamieson
• Blaise Pascal: The Man Who Made the Modern World by Graham Tomlin
• Future Tenses of the Blessed Life by F. B. Meyer
• A Case Against the Sexual Revolution by Louise Perry
• I Seek a Kind Person: My Father, Seven Children, and the Adverts that Helped Them Escape the Holocaust by Julian Borger
• The Deep Dish Podcast
• The Rest Is History
• TGC Church Directory
• The Keller Center for Cultural Apologetics
• Making Sense of Us
• TGCW26 — National Women’s Conference
• RTS Women’s Bible Study

— — —

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For many, apologetics is associated with arguments over rational, philosophical proofs. It’s a matter of the head instead of the heart, a debate over facts instead of feelings. But no matter what kind of apologetics you practice, you’re arguing according to a certain set of rules, in a particular language, attuned to what you expect to resonate in your time and place. In other words, it’s always cultural, never purely timeless. And it’s never purely rational.

We need to recover apologetics as a matter of the heart and hands as well as the head. We need to recover apologetics as a project for the whole church and not just for those who enjoy arguing. What we call cultural apologetics is not a new academic discipline. It’s a means to reconnect the church to the best biblical and historical resources for presenting and defending the faith “once for all delivered to the saints” (Jude 3). 

That’s the vision behind a new book, The Gospel After Christendom: An Introduction to Cultural Apologetics, which I edited for Zondervan Reflective and The Keller Center for Cultural Apologetics. I’m joined now by two of the contributors, both fellows for The Keller Center. Josh Chatraw is the Billy Graham chair for evangelism and cultural engagement here at Beeson Divinity School in Birmingham, Alabama. Visiting us here at Beeson this week is Christopher Watkin, associate professor of French and Francophone studies at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.

———

In This Episode

02:00 — Apologetics as Cultural: Head, Heart, and Hands
03:00 — Biblical Models for Cultural Apologetics
05:10 — Retrieval: Learning from Church History
09:16 — Augustine, Rome, and Biblical Critical Theory
13:00 — Diagonal Thinking, Third-Way Debates, and Politics
16:00 — Confrontational vs. Winsome Apologetics
20:00 — How Jesus Engaged Different People
26:00 — Apologetics for the Whole Church and for Pastors
34:00 — Retrieval Models: Pascal, Montaigne, and Modern Idols
41:00 — Audience Q&A: Out-Narrating, Doubt, Catholicism, Facts vs. Heart Issues
51:46 — Closing Reflections

Resources Mentioned

• The Gospel After Christendom by Collin Hansen, Ivan Mesa, & Skyler Flowers
• Telling a Better Story by Josh Chatraw
• Biblical Critical Theory by Christopher Watkin
• City of God by Augustine
• Confronting Christianity Podcast with Rebecca McLaughlin
• The Speak Life Podcast with Glen Scrivener
• Truth Unites Podcast with Gavin Ortlund

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If gender is constructed, it can be deconstructed. Think about it: if we built it, we can tear it down. Now you know why some activists have been so determined to convince us that gender is something we assign, rather than something we receive. If we assign it, then we can reassign it as we wish. We don’t receive our bodies. We can remake our bodies.

No doubt you’ve observed the rise of transgender theory in Western culture. It’s the denial that the sexed body reveals and determines the gendered self. That’s the helpful summary we find in the excellent new book The Body God Gives: A Biblical Response to Transgender Theory, written by Robert Smith. 

Smith is an ordained Anglican minister and lecturer in theology, ethics, and music ministry at Sydney Missionary and Bible College in Australia. He’s written two previous books on gender and identity. This new book by Lexham (now Baker) gives you a little bit of everything. He breaks down the arguments of gender theorists. He guides readers on a who’s who of philosophers who built the intellectual foundations of the secular West: Descartes, Rousseau, Kant, Marx, Wittgenstein, Freud, Sartre, Derrida, Foucault. 

And he concludes with biblical argumentation to show us nobody is born in the wrong body. He writes, “God’s desire for my gender is revealed by the design of my body.” I appreciate the way he harmonizes the biblical story from Genesis to Revelation: “Our present task is to work with the grain of creation toward the goal of new creation.”

Rob joins me on Gospelbound to talk transgender theory, how it spread, why it’s peaked, and where evangelicals need to go next. 

In This Episode

02:00 – Introducing Rob Smith & The Body God Gives

04:30 – The Transgender Tipping Point

06:21 – Butler, Foucault, and Gender Theory

11:21 – Queer Theory vs. Trans Theory

16:50 – Signs of Peak Transgender Influence

21:47 – Sex, Gender, and Stereotypes

29:00 – Church Culture and Gender Expectations

30:24 – Children, Puberty, and Medical Debate

33:30 – Technology, Identity, and Disembodiment

39:38 – Genesis 1–2 and Embodied Identity

46:37 – Marriage, Singleness, and Biblical Continuity

51:16 – Pastoring Those with Gender Dysphoria

56:00 – Violence, Fear, and Identity Conflicts

01:00:00 – Expressive Individualism and the Modern Self

Resources Mentioned

• The Body God Gives: A Biblical Response to Transgender Theory by Rob Smith 
• Why Are Black Women Increasingly Identifying as Bisexual? by Joe Carter

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In this commentary, I reflect on my recent trip to Copenhagen, Denmark, and the broader implications of living in the post-Christendom West. Walking the ancient streets and talking to seasoned church leaders I pondered two major factors that contribute to secularism, and how Protestantism has become a victim of its own success. Yet some European countries and U.S. regions buck the secular trend. Why? Considering the story of secularism—and resilient Christianity—helps us pass down a robust, durable faith to the next generation. 

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In This Episode

04:00 – Faith and decadence on Copenhagen’s streets

08:00 – From opt-out to opt-in belief

12:00 – America’s exception and slow convergence

18:00 – Faith thrives under tension

23:00 – The problem with establishment

30:00 – Reform, burnout, and secular substitutes

36:00 – Postwar humanism and its cracks

45:00 – Reality intrudes on secular optimism

49:00 – Three pressures on secularism and gospel hope

Resources Mentioned

• Graph of Religious Importance and Corresponding GDP
• Graph of Religious Attendance in the US and Europe
• A Secular Age by Charles Taylor
• Destroyer of the gods by Larry W. Hurtado
• Dominion by Tom Holland
• The Age of Hitler and How We Will Survive It by Alec Ryrie 
• The Abolition of Man by C.S. Lewis

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Help The Gospel Coalition renew and unify the contemporary church in the ancient gospel: Donate Today

Don’t miss an episode of Gospelbound with Collin Hansen:

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• Spotify
• YouTube
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