Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations.
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The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP
Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C
The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K
The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:22) – Planet formation
(19:32) – Plate tectonics
(26:54) – Extinction events
(31:04) – Biosphere
(34:02) – Technosphere
(38:17) – Emergence of intelligence
(44:29) – Drake equation
(48:43) – Exoplanets
(51:28) – Habitable zones
(54:30) – Fermi Paradox
(1:03:28) – Alien civilizations
(1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars
(1:25:11) – Search for aliens
(1:41:37) – Alien megastructures
(1:47:43) – Kardashev scale
(1:52:56) – Detecting aliens
(1:59:38) – Warp drives
(2:05:45) – Cryogenics
(2:09:03) – What aliens look like
(2:17:48) – Alien contact
(2:28:53) – UFO sightings
(2:40:38) – Physics of life
(3:06:29) – Nature of time
(3:22:53) – Cognition
(3:27:16) – Mortality

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
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Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/
Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar
Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar
Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints
The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment
Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:47) – Why Trump won
(14:48) – Book recommendations
(18:24) – History of wokeism
(25:54) – History of Scots-Irish
(32:32) – Biden
(36:34) – FDR
(38:36) – George W Bush
(40:59) – LBJ
(46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis
(53:48) – Immigration
(1:25:46) – DOGE
(1:52:27) – MAGA ideology
(1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders
(2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump
(2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi
(2:24:14) – Kamala Harris
(2:40:00) – 2020 Election
(3:03:49) – Sam Harris
(3:14:55) – UFOs
(3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party
(3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party
(3:35:21) – Hope

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:44) – Economic freedom
(20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism
(30:02) – Presidency and reforms
(49:22) – Poverty
(55:54) – Corruption
(1:04:32) – Freedom
(1:18:43) – Elon Musk
(1:24:11) – DOGE
(1:26:13) – Donald Trump
(1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations
(1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona
(1:48:16) – God
(1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones
(1:54:02) – Free market
(2:01:03) – Loyalty
(2:03:40) – Advice for young people
(2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina

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Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability.
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Claude: https://claude.ai
Anthropic’s X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI
Anthropic’s Website: https://anthropic.com
Dario’s X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei
Dario’s Website: https://darioamodei.com
Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace
Chris’s X: https://x.com/ch402
Chris’s Blog: https://colah.github.io
Amanda’s X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell
Amanda’s Website: https://askell.io

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:19) – Scaling laws
(19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling
(27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta
(33:14) – Claude
(36:50) – Opus 3.5
(41:36) – Sonnet 3.5
(44:56) – Claude 4.0
(49:07) – Criticism of Claude
(1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels
(1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4
(1:16:46) – Computer use
(1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI
(1:45:30) – Hiring a great team
(1:54:19) – Post-training
(1:59:45) – Constitutional AI
(2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace
(2:24:17) – AGI timeline
(2:36:52) – Programming
(2:43:52) – Meaning of life
(2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy
(2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people
(2:56:15) – Talking to Claude
(3:12:47) – Prompt engineering
(3:21:21) – Post-training
(3:26:00) – Constitutional AI
(3:30:53) – System prompts
(3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber?
(3:49:02) – Character training
(3:50:01) – Nature of truth
(3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure
(4:01:49) – AI consciousness
(4:16:20) – AGI
(4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability
(4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality
(4:47:23) – Superposition
(4:58:22) – Monosemanticity
(5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity
(5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks
(5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:04) – KGB and CIA
(23:21) – Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD
(38:53) – CIA spies vs KGB spies
(45:29) – Assassinations and mind control
(52:23) – Jeffrey Epstein
(59:15) – Bohemian Grove
(1:11:09) – Occultism
(1:22:20) – Nazi party and Thule society
(2:02:38) – Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(2:35:43) – Charles Manson
(3:02:30) – Zodiac Killer
(3:13:24) – Illuminati
(3:20:48) – Secret societies

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Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate.
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Bernie’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders

Bernie’s Books:
It’s OK to Be Angry About Capitalism: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3
Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj
Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4
Our Revolution: https://amzn.to/40cIbnf
Outsider in the White House: https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:51) – MLK Jr
(11:43) – Corruption in politics
(23:00) – Healthcare in US
(31:33) – 2016 election
(37:32) – Barack Obama
(43:26) – Capitalism
(51:35) – Response to attacks
(56:32) – AOC and progressive politics
(1:04:24) – Mortality
(1:06:30) – Hope for the future

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Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series “Ancient Apocalypse”, the 2nd season of which has just been released.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Graham’s Website: https://grahamhancock.com/
Ancient Apocalypse (Season 2): https://netflix.com/title/81211003
Graham’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom
Graham’s X: https://x.com/Graham__Hancock
Graham’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Author.GrahamHancock
Fingerprints of the Gods (book): https://amzn.to/4eM3QXC

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:58) – Lost Ice Age civilization
(17:03) – Göbekli Tepe
(29:07) – Early humans
(34:07) – Astronomical symbolism
(45:36) – Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
(1:03:55) – The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza
(1:24:29) – Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest
(1:33:49) – Response to critics
(1:57:56) – Panspermia
(2:05:22) – Shamanism
(2:29:22) – How the Great Pyramid was built
(2:36:41) – Mortality

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host.
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Peterson Academy: https://petersonacademy.com
Jordan’s X: https://x.com/jordanbpeterson
Jordan’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson
Jordan’s Website: https://jordanbpeterson.com

Jordan’s Books:
We Who Wrestle with God: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a
Beyond Order: https://amzn.to/3T4LRBw
12 Rules for Life: https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF
Maps of Meaning: https://amzn.to/3A1Ods2

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(07:07) – Nietzsche
(14:48) – Power and propaganda
(19:54) – Nazism
(24:54) – Religion
(41:18) – Communism
(47:03) – Hero myth
(49:12) – Belief in God
(59:24) – Advice for young people
(1:12:02) – Sex
(1:32:00) – Good and evil
(1:44:46) – Psychopathy
(1:58:15) – Hardship
(2:10:31) – Pain and gratitude
(2:21:32) – Truth

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming.
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https://lexfridman.com/cursor-team-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Cursor Website: https://cursor.com
Cursor on X: https://x.com/cursor_ai
Anysphere Website: https://anysphere.inc/
Aman’s X: https://x.com/amanrsanger
Aman’s Website: https://amansanger.com/
Arvid’s X: https://x.com/ArVID220u
Arvid’s Website: https://arvid.xyz/
Michael’s Website: https://mntruell.com/
Michael’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN
Sualeh’s X: https://x.com/sualehasif996
Sualeh’s Website: https://sualehasif.me/

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:25) – Code editor basics
(11:35) – GitHub Copilot
(18:53) – Cursor
(25:20) – Cursor Tab
(31:35) – Code diff
(39:46) – ML details
(45:20) – GPT vs Claude
(51:54) – Prompt engineering
(59:20) – AI agents
(1:13:18) – Running code in background
(1:17:57) – Debugging
(1:23:25) – Dangerous code
(1:34:35) – Branching file systems
(1:37:47) – Scaling challenges
(1:51:58) – Context
(1:57:05) – OpenAI o1
(2:08:27) – Synthetic data
(2:12:14) – RLHF vs RLAIF
(2:14:01) – Fields Medal for AI
(2:16:43) – Scaling laws
(2:25:32) – The future of programming

PODCAST LINKS:
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Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems.
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https://lexfridman.com/ed-barnhart-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Ed’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast
Ed’s Website: https://archaeoed.com/
Maya Exploration Center: https://mayaexploration.org
Ed’s Lectures on The Great Courses: https://thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart
Ed’s Lectures on Audible: https://adbl.co/4dBavTZ
2025 Mayan Calendar: https://mayan-calendar.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:59) – Lost civilizations
(16:04) – Hunter-gatherers
(19:36) – First humans in the Americas
(29:28) – South America
(34:57) – Pyramids
(42:01) – Religion
(55:05) – Shamanism
(57:02) – Ayahuasca
(1:03:15) – Lost City of Z
(1:08:09) – Graham Hancock
(1:15:11) – Uncontacted tribes
(1:21:12) – Maya civilization
(1:37:00) – Mayan calendar
(1:52:17) – Flood myths
(2:20:46) – Aztecs
(2:38:12) – Inca Empire
(2:56:13) – Early humans in North America
(3:02:10) – Columbus
(3:06:46) – Vikings
(3:10:55) – Aliens
(3:15:23) – Earth in 10,000 years
(3:31:33) – Hope for the future

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Vivek Ramaswamy is a conservative politician, entrepreneur, and author of many books on politics, including his latest titled Truths: The Future of America First.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep445-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/vivek-ramaswamy-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Truths (new book): https://amzn.to/3XPgZJF
Vivek’s X: https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy
Vivek’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@VivekGRamaswamy
Vivek’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/vivekgramaswamy
Vivek’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/VivekGRamaswamy
Vivek’s Rumble: https://rumble.com/VivekRamaswamy
Vivek’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4e5g0uv

Vivek’s other books:
Woke, Inc.: https://amzn.to/4eqiDqs
Nation of Victims: https://amzn.to/3Tu4259
Capitalist Punishment: https://amzn.to/3XOwi5c

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Ground News: Unbiased news source.
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Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress.
Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(12:50) – Conservatism
(16:06) – Progressivism
(21:41) – DEI
(26:33) – Bureaucracy
(33:25) – Government efficiency
(48:34) – Education
(1:02:59) – Military Industrial Complex
(1:25:18) – Illegal immigration
(1:46:53) – Donald Trump
(2:08:18) – War in Ukraine
(2:19:31) – China
(2:30:42) – Will Vivek run in 2028?
(2:42:21) – Approach to debates

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips