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The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983, was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from nuclear attacks, particularly those launched by the Soviet Union. Often dubbed "Star Wars" by critics, the initiative aimed to develop a space-based shield that could intercept and destroy incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) before they reached U.S. territory. The plan called for the use of advanced technologies, including ground-based interceptors, space-based lasers, and other futuristic weapon systems, many of which were in the early stages of research or purely theoretical at the time.

Reagan's vision for SDI was rooted in his desire to shift U.S. defense policy away from the Cold War doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), which relied on the threat of retaliatory strikes to deter nuclear war. Instead, SDI aimed to make nuclear weapons "impotent and obsolete" by providing a defensive solution that would render enemy missiles ineffective. The initiative sparked intense debate, both domestically and internationally. Critics argued that it was technologically unfeasible, enormously expensive, and risked escalating the arms race by undermining existing arms control agreements like the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.

Despite its ambitious goals, the Strategic Defense Initiative faced numerous scientific and budgetary challenges, and many of its proposed technologies never moved beyond the conceptual or experimental stages. Nevertheless, SDI played a significant role in the strategic dialogue between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the 1980s, influencing arms negotiations and highlighting the role of technological innovation in defense policy. By the early 1990s, after the Cold War ended, the program was scaled back and eventually evolved into the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization under subsequent administrations.

Sources:

• Way Out There in the Blue by Frances Fitzgerald
• Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• JFK Library article about the missile gap
• PBS article about Reagan's security plans
• Reagan's "evil empire" speech
• Article from harvest.org about their predictions for Magog
• Bill Graham's sermon, which uses the fear of communism to create a sense of urgency
• Armageddon and the Coming War with Russia pamphlet by Jerry Falwell
• Bill Bright and Campus Crusade for Christ by John G Turner

Discussion Questions:

• What was the Strategic Defense Initiative?
• What were its goals?
• Why did they keep it around even after it was obvious it didn't work?
• Does Reagan fit the mold of conservatives of his time? Of conservative Republicans through American history?

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Ronald Reagan was an odd choice for evangelicals. For one, he and his wife regularly consulted a medium. He was a Hollywood actor, which should have put him at odds with fundamentalists. Also, Christians have a long history of charity and compassion, while Reagan's policies cut aid to poor people. But in 1980, a lot of evangelicals turned to the Republican Party to vote for him over the evangelical Jimmy Carter. What happened?

Jimmy Carter gave audience to evangelical audiences, though not in the same way as Reagan. Carter told people to conserve, while Reagan's optimistic consumerism played to the rising prosperity gospel. Reagan delivered his famous endorsement of evangelicals at the Religious Roundtable, while Carter was suspiciously absent. Also, evangelicals have built up a strong craving for leaders. They love a strongman leader. So when Reagan showed up and promised to be tough, they went for him.

Today, we're examining some of the reasons that Reagan became a favorite of evangelicals. And why... maybe that doesn't make sense.

Sources:

• Article on shibboleths
• Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• The Invisible Bridge by Rick Perlstein
• The Evangelicals by Frances Fitzgerald
• A Prophet With Honor by William Martin
• James Robison's speech at the Religious Roundtable
• 1980 GOP Platform
• Reagan's GOP acceptance speech in 1980
• Reagan's inauguration speech

Discussion Questions:

• What is a shibboleth?
• How do you test if someone is really a Christian? What if they're a politician? Does it matter?
• Why did Reagan seem like an unlikely match for evangelicals?
• How did Reagan impress evangelicals?
• What did this make you think about James Robison?

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Before he became president, Reagan was the head of the Screen Actors' Guild. When it came down to backing his followers or helping big business, he chose business. The same was true when he fought air traffic controllers. In this way, you can see the influence of Ayn Rand.

Reagan grew up as a poor kid, but he later became a famous radio star and movie icon. When his star faded, he became a political guest speaker and found a new path forward.

In this episode, we're going to better understand the groundwork for the Reagan presidency. Our special guest is historian and author Rick Perlstein.

Sources:

• Reagan: An American Journey by Bob Spitz
• US v. Paramount Pictures from Justia
• article from the Reagan library
• Reagan: His Life and Legend by Max Boot
• The Invisible Bridge and Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• CNN article on Paul Manafort
• Reagan's speech at the Neshoba County Fair
• NPR article on the infamous "welfare queen"

Discussion Questions:

• Why is it valuable to understand Reagan's role in messing with his union?
• How did his treatment of his union parallel that of his actions against air traffic controllers?
• What do you think of Reagan and his legacy?
• Why have some Republicans lifted him up as the ultimate conservative?

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Boy, the Religious Right did not like Carter, at least by 1980. Some of them, like Pat Robertson, had high hopes for him at the start. But they quickly grew to distrust the man from Georgia.

Why? In this episode, Chris goes through some of the top issues that evangelicals had with Jimmy Carter. They include his article in Playboy Magazine that mentions his struggles with sex (but also featured a strong gospel message), his support of the ERA, and his lackluster responses to their questions about abortion.

But... It's not as if Ronald Reagan was significantly better. Reagan was not a regular churchgoer like Carter. He consulted a medium for his decisions. He was a divorced former actor in a time when evangelicals didn't like Hollywood. So... how bad was this Carter guy that they didn't vote for him?

Our special guest for this episode is historian and author Rick Perlstein.

Sources:

• Today story on Carter's church
• Tampa Bay Times story on Carter's church
• Associated Press story on Carter's church
• Christianity Today article on Carter's 100th birthday
• Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• Document the interview the Religious Right guys did
• Criswell ad
• Strom Thurmond ad
• Playboy Magazine, November 1976
• Reagan: An American Journey by Bob Spitz
• White House Conference on Families: Listening to America's Families. Pamphlet
• God's Own Party by Daniel K Williams
• The Evangelicals by Frances Fitzgerald
• The Surprising Work of God by Garth Rosell
• Jimmy Carter Library interview with Robert Maddox
• Carter's speech to NAE (courtesy of Jimmy Carter Presidential Library)

Discussion Questions:

• Why did some evangelicals so strongly oppose the ERA?
• What did you see in the Playboy article that might be construed as unappealing to Christians?
• If Reagan engaged in fortunetelling, why did some evangelicals follow him and not Carter?
• Why have evangelicals become enamored of leaders? What has that done to our witness?

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President Jimmy Carter's presidency (1977–1981) faced several major challenges, both domestically and internationally. One of the biggest domestic issues was the struggling U.S. economy. Carter inherited high inflation and unemployment, problems that worsened during his term. The country experienced "stagflation" — a combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation. The energy crisis, marked by oil shortages and skyrocketing gas prices, further fueled economic instability. Though Carter promoted energy conservation and alternative energy development, many Americans viewed his efforts as inadequate or overly pessimistic.

Internationally, Carter faced major challenges in foreign policy. One of the most significant was the Iran Hostage Crisis, which began in November 1979 when 52 American diplomats and citizens were taken hostage at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. The crisis lasted 444 days and was a major blow to Carter’s administration, especially after a failed rescue attempt. It deeply affected U.S. relations with Iran and damaged public confidence in Carter’s leadership. Though Carter did achieve a major diplomatic success with the Camp David Accords — a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel — the Iran Hostage Crisis ultimately overshadowed much of his foreign policy work.

Another major issue during Carter’s presidency was a perceived lack of effective leadership. Carter, known for his integrity and moral outlook, struggled to build strong relationships with Congress and the media. He often took a technocratic, detail-oriented approach to governing, which alienated many political allies. Critics saw his administration as indecisive and overly focused on long-term goals rather than immediate results. These perceptions contributed to a loss of public confidence and were a key factor in his defeat by Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election.

The special guest for this episode is historian and author Rick Perlstein.

Sources:

• Phyllis Schlafly's debate with Buckley
• Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• Slate story on Chisholm
• Video showing Carter's opposition to integrated busing
• Reagan by Bob Spitz
• The Invisible Bridge by Rick Perlstein
• These Truths by Jill Lepore
• Crash Course by Paul Ingrassia
• C-SPAN clip of Carter's malaise speech
• Who is Government? by Michael Lewis

Discussion Questions:

• What do you find appealing about Carter?
• How do voters sometimes use issues that are beyond a politician's control to judge them?
• Why would Carter and his predecessors choose to give the Panama Canal to Panama?
• How would an event like the hostage crisis impact an election?

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Dark money is a problem in American politics and religion. What is it? Untraceable money that often comes from big donors, which is channelled through non-profits to hide the identity of the donor. This money is then able to back causes that may or may not be positive.

The Council for National Policy is an organization in the pipeline for Christian dark money. It finances groups like the Heritage Foundation, Focus on the Family, pro-life groups, Turning Point USA, and more. They also coordinate language around denial of climate change, COVID, and election results. Their first president was Tim LaHaye, but he is just the tip of the iceberg.

Our guide through this story is Anne Nelson, author of Shadow Network: Media, Money, and the Secret Hub of the Radical Right. It is an excellent resource that is critical for anyone interested in how some evangelicals tied themselves to the Republican Party.

Sources:

• Biographical video from Turning Point USA about Foster Friess
• Shadow Network by Anne Nelson
• Christian Reconstruction: RJ Rushdoony and American Religious Conservatism by Michael McVicar
• 100 Things to See in the Night Sky Expanded Edition. By Dean Regas
• Christianity and Oil in US History
• Article on Nelson Bunker Hunt
• Birchers by Matthew Dallek
• The Road to Serfdom (comic version) adapted from Hayek
• Reaganland and Before the Storm by Rick Perlstein
• "Information Sheet, Council for National Policy," May 1984
• Dark Money by Jane Mayer
• article on Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education
• Ponzinomics by Robert Fitzpatrick
• Justice Department article about Blackwater/ Prince
• Adams, D. C., Robles, F., & Mazzetti, M. (2025). A Desperate Haiti Turns to Erik Prince, Trump Ally, In Fight Against Gangs. New York: New York Times Company.
• Census data on Wyoming
• Pat Robertson: A Life and Legacy by David Edwin Harrell Jr.
• Leadership Institute website (accessed 8/8/25)
• Email blast from National Religious Broadcasters titled: “NRB President & CEO to Advocate on Capitol Hill for AM Radio for Every Vehicle Act” released July 14, 2025
• Salem Media website
• NRB Article about Bott Radio
• PRwatch.org article and video about CNP
• Jackson Hole News and Guide article about Donald Trump Jr.'s visit to Jackson in 2016
• New York Times article on Foster Friess
• Tax documents from Turning Point USA, courtesy of Pro Publica
• 2017 Jane Mayer profile of Turning Point USA
• ProPublica article on the Kochs
• Time article on the Koch's and i360
• Article on how many people didn't vote in 2024
• New York Times article about Trump's call to the Georgia election rep
• The Guardian article about Kirk's busing of people to the January 6, 2021, riot
• EPA article about its origins

Discussion Questions:

• What is dark money? Should Christians participate in it?
• What are the functions of groups like the Council for National Policy?
• Who was Foster Friess?
• Why is it important to include a discussion of dark money when talking about things like Turning Point USA?
• What is the connection between evangelicalism and oil?

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Tim LaHaye wrote different kinds of books. Books on marriage, sexuality, the end times, and those involved in social and political movements. In his young years, Tim LaHaye taught for the John Birch Society. His conspiratorial view of the world carried over into his theology, evidenced by the Left Behind series, as well as the topic of the show today, The Battle for the Mind. Published in 1980, this little book takes a negative view of humanism. He defines humanism as, essentially, everything that has gone with society in the last 2,000 years. It's a very broad, almost useless definition.

Humanism is actually a movement that started in Northern Italy around the 1200s, which tries to lift up the value of the human person. That takes a lot of different shapes, from secular or atheistic humanism to Christian humanism. In fact, as we argue in the episode, LaHaye's view misses the positive ways that humanism has shaped the United States and evangelicalism.

My guest today is Dr. Darrell Bock. He is the author or editor of over 45 books, including commentaries on Luke and Acts. He is the Executive Director of Cultural Engagement and Senior Research Professor of New Testament Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary. He's also a host of DTS' podcast The Table.

Sources:

• The Battle for the Mind by Tim LaHaye (1980)
• Listen, America! by Jerry Falwell
• The Oxford English Dictionary
• Encyclopedia Britannica
• Francis Schaeffer and the Shaping of Evangelical America by Barry Hankins
• Fact-checking Chris on the Prohibition thing? Start here.

Discussion Questions:

• Have you read anything by Tim LaHaye? What was it?
• Are Christian books like this useful? Not useful? Why?
• What is "humanism"? (it may be helpful to look it up outside the book)
• Why is it important that LaHaye mischaracterized humanism?
• What were LaHaye's ideas about education?

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Tim and Beverly LaHaye were a prominent American evangelical Christian couple known for their influential work in ministry, literature, and conservative activism. Tim LaHaye, born in 1926 in Detroit, Michigan, was a pastor, author, and speaker who gained national recognition through his work in Christian fiction and prophecy interpretation. He served as a pastor for over 25 years before turning to full-time writing and speaking, often focusing on end-times theology and family values. Beverly LaHaye, born in 1929, was a vocal advocate for conservative Christian values and women’s roles in society, founding the organization Concerned Women for America in 1979.

Tim LaHaye is perhaps best known as the co-author of the Left Behind series, a best-selling collection of apocalyptic novels written with Jerry B. Jenkins. The series dramatizes a fictionalized version of the Rapture and subsequent tribulation, based on Tim’s interpretation of Biblical prophecy. These books sold over 80 million copies worldwide and sparked renewed interest in eschatology within evangelical circles. In addition to fiction, he wrote numerous nonfiction books addressing topics such as marriage, politics, and spirituality, always with a conservative Christian perspective.

Together, Tim and Beverly LaHaye were a formidable force in American evangelicalism, combining their talents in writing, activism, and public speaking to influence both Christian thought and conservative politics. Married for over 60 years until Tim's death in 2016, they left behind a legacy of fervent advocacy for their faith and values. While supporters praised their dedication to scripture and family, critics often challenged their political and theological positions. Regardless, their impact on late 20th and early 21st-century evangelicalism remains significant.

Sources:

• Dreyfuss, R. (2004, Feb). "Reverend Doomsday". Rolling Stone, pp. 46-49.
• White, G. (2001, Jul 07). "Evangelical power couple authors Tim and Beverly LaHaye, with scores of books between them, rank as four-star generals to many conservative Christians." [home edition]. The Atlanta Journal The Atlanta Constitution
• God's Own Party by Daniel K Williams
• PBS article on Comstock Laws
• "The men from CLEAN". (1966, Sep 05). Newsweek, 68, 23-24.
• Before the Storm by Rick Perlstein
• How to Be Happy Though Married by Tim LaHaye
• Divided We Stand by Marjorie Spruill
• The Unhappy Gays by Tim LaHaye
• For a Christian America by Ruth Murray Brown
• Carlin v. Board of Education
• Listen, America! by Jerry Falwell
• With God on Our Side by William C Martin
• Christianity Today article about Carter's presence at NRB
• “Tim LaHaye--Waging War Against Humanism” Skelton, Nancy Los Angeles Times (1923-1995); Feb 22, 1981
• BATTIATA, M. (1987, Oct 03). "Beverly LaHaye leads a powerful force from the right": [CITY edition]. St.Petersburg Times
• Hacker, K. (1988, Mar 06). "A WOMAN OF ACTION: FUNDAMENTALIST BEVERLY LAHAYE IS BUSY RALLYING HER 'KITCHEN-TABLE LOBBYISTS' TO ALL SORTS OF POLITICAL CAUSES". Philadelphia Inquirer
• NPR article about Moonies
• The Evangelicals by Frances Fitzgerald
• McMahon, M. (1999, Dec). Come, all ye faithful. The Spectator, 283, 18-19
• The United States of Paranoia by Jesse Walker

Discussion Questions:

• How have the LaHaye's impacted you?
• Does it matter that Tim had so many fears?
• He went on to help found the Council for National Policy, the far-right Christian dark money organization. Why does that feel ironic?
• How was Tim tied to the battle over segregated academies?
• How did LaHaye's background with the John Birch Society fit with his other beliefs?

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Christians were involved with many forms of media from their inception. They were there at the dawn of radio, with the first commercial broadcast of music being played around Christmas in 1906, and the gospel of Luke was read.

A similar story is true for television. Evangelists loved the new medium, with preachers like Oral Roberts using it to spread their brand of Pentecostalism. Pentecostalism was made for television. Where many denominations featured calm worship services, it seemed like anything could happen with Oral Roberts' brand of Pentecostalism. He healed, he made big claims, and he made a lot of money. Roberts' format was followed by people like Jim Bakker and Pat Robertson.

Pat Robertson created the Christian Broadcasting Network, which later functioned as his platform for launching the political careers of politicians and, eventually, himself. Robertson's influence is all over evangelicalism, from the ubiquity of consumerism and prosperity ideology to our involvement in political movements. He formed the Christian Coalition and was a leader in the Council for National Policy. Robertson attended many of the seminal meetings of the Religious Right. And his message was amplified by his powerful television platform.

Sources:

• Pat Robertson: A Life and Legacy by David Edwin Harrell Jr.
• PTL: The Rise and Fall of Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker’s Evangelical Empire by John Wigger
• Oral Roberts and the Rise of the Prosperity Gospel by Jonathan Root
• The US Census
• Farnsworth TV and Pioneer Museum in Rigby, ID
• The Surprising Work of God: Harold Ockenga, Billy Graham, and the Rebirth of Evangelicals by Garth Rosell
• The Evangelicals by Frances Fitzgerald
• Prime Time Preachers by Jeffrey K Hadden and Charles E Swann
• "Oral Roberts Dead at 91" from CBS News
• Report on Strom Thurmond's role in the Southern Manifesto
• The Miracle of Seed Faith by Oral Roberts. I used the revised August 2012 version
• Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• “Remarks in Support of Senate Joint Resolution 199” Aug 18, 1982. (for Robertson's testimony)
• Christian Reconstruction: RJ Rushdoony and American Religious Conservatism by Michael McVicar
• Newsweek article about Joe Rogan stats
• Video of Oral Roberts healing

Discussion Questions:

• What is the prosperity gospel?
• How has it impacted you? Your church? The Church in general?
• Why is it important to note that the Religious Right guys controlled Christian media outlets? How does that kind of thing shape our theology?
• How was Robertson impacted by Roberts?
• What is "seed faith"? Does the Bible provide ground for it?
• How has consumerism shaped American evangelicalism? How does it tie into prosperity theology?

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Given the recent events in Venezuela, I have decided to run a classic episode from season 3. The question of our era is not "why did we do this?" but "why do we keep doing this?" Why does the United States continue to overthrow other countries?

God willing, I'll be back next week with a new episode about Pat Robertson.

Discussion Questions:

• What threat did President Jacobo Arbenz pose to United Fruit?
• United Fruit owned many utilities in Guatemala from the trains to telephone lines. How would you feel if our utilities were owned by foreign entities? If they controlled our natural resources?
• Do you think the land reform deal was a good one for their country?
• Were people like John Foster Dulles right to overthrow Arbenz?
• How might it have benefited them to do so?
• In what way could the actions of the US in the 1950s reflect poorly on Christianity domestically and abroad?
• It has been argued that American consumers benefit when Latin American and African countries are thrown in disarray. It means cheaper diamonds, gold, rubber, and more while also stranding the people in those countries in poverty.
• Does it bother you that you may be benefiting from unbalanced countries?
• Do you find the assumption that we are benefiting to be offensive? Why?
• Is there anything we can do about it?

Sources:

• “Bad Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala” by Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer
• CIA Document profiling Arbenz
• YouTube clips of a documentary on the Guatemalan coup
• Then-Vice President Nixon talking with Armas after the overthrow
• Statistics on Fruit
• Financial Times article about United Fruit
• Book “One Nation Under God” by Kevin Kruse (for the bio info on the Dulles brothers)
• Peurifoy’s cable to Washington
• President Arbenz’s farewell speech
• List of governments that the US has overthrown

New intro sources:

• CSPAN's coverage of the January 3, 2026, speech given by President Trump
• The New York Times' coverage of the capture of Maduro
• The New York Times' coverage of the oil angle

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William R. “Bill” Bright was born in 1921 in Coweta, Oklahoma. Though raised in a religious environment, he initially pursued business success and personal ambition. While attending the University of Southern California, Bright experienced a dramatic spiritual transformation through the influence of Christian leaders like Henrietta Mears. This encounter led him to surrender his life to Jesus Christ and ultimately shaped his calling toward full-time evangelism.

In 1951, Bill and his wife, Vonette, founded Campus Crusade for Christ at UCLA with a vision to reach college students with the Gospel. He later developed The Four Spiritual Laws, a simple evangelistic tract that became one of the most widely distributed Christian tools in history. Under his leadership, Campus Crusade grew into a global movement with ministries focused on students, athletes, families, the military, and professionals. Bright also launched the Jesus Film Project in 1979, which became one of the most-translated and widely viewed films in the world.

What's missing from most short bios of Bright is the depth of his involvement in the Religious Right. He organized or was present at some of their key gatherings, founded a publishing house to print their words, and raised funds among them.

Bill Bright remained dedicated to fulfilling the Great Commission, often engaging in long periods of fasting and prayer for spiritual guidance. He received the prestigious Templeton Prize in 1996 for his contributions to religion and reinvested the award into Christian ministry. When he died in 2003, Campus Crusade for Christ had expanded into nearly every nation, with thousands of staff and volunteers sharing the Gospel worldwide. Bright’s life stands as a testament to the global impact one person can have through faith, vision, and relentless obedience to God’s call.

My guest for this episode is historian John G. Turner, author of Bill Bright and Campus Crusade for Christ: The Renewal of Evangelicalism in Postwar America.

Sources:

• Bill Bright and Campus Crusade for Christ: The Renewal of Evangelicalism in Postwar America by John G. Turner
• The Evangelicals by Frances Fitzgerald
• Reaganland by Rick Perlstein
• God as Capitalist: Seminar Promotes Religion and Riches by Russell Chandler. Los Angeles Times (1923-1995); Jun 1, 1981; starts on page B3. Accessed via ProQuest (thanks to the Teton County Library for access!)
• Tract: The Four Spiritual Laws
• The Politics of Rage by Dan T. Carter
• The Invisible Bridge by Rick Perlstein
• Before the Storm by Rick Perlstein
• God's Own Party by Daniel K. Williams
• One Nation Under God by Rus Walton (page numbers mentioned in the episode correspond to the 1993 paperback edition). I also used the 1987 version from archive.org
• Birchers by Matthew Dallek
• In the Spirit of '76, published by Third Century Publishers Inc.
• Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right by J. Brooks Flippen
• The 700 Club's coverage of the "Washington for Jesus Rally"

Also, my guest, Dave Hopping, used to be in the comedy duo "Dave and Brian". They were pretty big! Here is one of their videos.

Discussion Questions:

• Have you read The Four Spiritual Laws?
• How has Campus Crusade/ Cru impacted your life? The life of your loved ones?
• What threats did Bright perceive to American Christians? Where was he right? Where was he wrong?
• What did you think of Rus Walton's book One Nation Under God?
• Was Bright part of the Religious Right? To what degree?

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