Before The Battle of Lexington and Concord many thoughtful commentators, in both England and the American colonies, thought peace was possible between the colonies and the mother country. When they woke up on April 19, 1775, the men were at peace. When they laid their heads down that night, millions of people, across the greatest Empire in world history, were at war. Thousands would be wounded. Boston would be besieged for more than a year. New York City would be threatened. This is the story of that day and the “shot heard round the world.” It’s all here and it’s all free on this extensive military history of The American Revolution.

Download episode 107 here: download link

A History of the American Revolution Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of American Revolution located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

References:

The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, expanded edition, by Bernard Baylin. 

The Annals of America Volume 2 1755 – 1783 Resistance and Revolution by Mortimer Adler (editor)

Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World by George Daughan

Atlas of American Military History (2003). Edited by James Bradford. Oxford University Press. New York, NY. 

The Fate of the Day: The War for America, Fort Ticonderoga to Charleston, 1777-1780 by Rick Atkinson 

The British Are Coming: The War for America, Lexington to Princeton, 1775-1777 by Rick Atkinson 

A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier by Joseph Plumb Martin

The Sniper at War by Mike Haskew

A Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens by Lawrence Babits

A People’s History of the U.S. Military by M. Bellesiles. 

A Revolutionary People at War by Charles Royster

The American Revolution: 1774-1783 by Daniel Marston

American Revolution Biographies by Linda Schmittroth and Mary Kay Rosteck; edited by Stacy A. McConnell.

The Spirit of Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants  by Henry Steele Commager (Editor), Richard B. Morris (Editor).

Ethan Allen: Frontier Rebel by Charles Jellison

The American Revolution parts 1 and 2 by Allen Guelzo. The Teaching Company. 

American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-1804 by Alan Taylor

American Wars and Heroes by Maurice Matloff (editor)

Boston Campaign: April 1775-March 1776 by Victor Brooks

British Soldiers; American War: voices of the American Revolution by Don Hagist

Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City by Walter Fraser, Junior. 

1776 by David Mccullough

Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, Second Edition edited by Harold Selesky. 

The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness accounts of the War for Independence edited by John Dann

Fusiliers: The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment during the American Revolution by Mark Urban.

George Washington’s War by Bruce Chadwick

Washington: A Life by Ron Chernow

Washington by Douglas Southall Freeman

Glorious Cause: The American Revolution by R. Middlekauf

George Washington: Writings by George Washington; edited by John H. Rhodehamel. Library of America series. 

The American Revolution: A History by Gordon Wood

George Washington’s War: The Saga of the American Revolution by Robert Leckie 

Kings Mountain: The Defeat Of The Loyalists October 7, 1780 by Dave Dameron 

The New England Clergy and the American Revolution by Alice Baldwin

New York 1776: The Continentals’ First Battle by David Smith

Boston 1775 by Brendan Morrissey 

Yorktown 1781: The World Turned Upside Down by Brendan Morrissey 

Saratoga 1777: The Turning Point of the Revolution by Brendan Morissey

Saratoga: Turning Point of America’s Revolutionary War by Richard M. Ketchum 

Guilford Courthouse: 1781 by Angus Konstam

Quebec 1775: The American Invasion of Canada by Brendan Morrissey 

Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777 by David Bonk

Forts of the American Frontier: 1776-1891 by Ron Field

Continental Infantryman of the American Revolution by John Milsop

Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution through British Eyes  by Christopher Hibbert

Saratoga: A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution by John Luzader

The Battle of King’s Mountain: Eyewitness Accounts by Robert Dunkerly

The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution by Bernard Bailyn

The New Cambridge Modern History: The American and French Revolutions 1763-93 edited by A. Goodwin. 2008

The Pulpit of the American Revolution by John Thornton 

The Rhode Island Campaign by Christian McBurney

The Swamp Fox by John Oller

The American Revolution: A Concise History by R. Allison (2011)

The Negro in the American Revolution by Benjamin Quarles

The Glorious Struggle: George Washington’s Revolutionary War Letters by Edward Lengel 

Victory or Death: The Battles of Trenton and Princeton by Mark Maloy 

The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton by Richard M. Ketchum 

With Musket and Tomahawk: The Saratoga Campaign and the Wilderness War of 1777 by M.O. Logusz, (2010)

Americans at War. Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st Century edited by 

King George’s Army: 1740-’93 by Stuart Reid and Paul Chappell (three volumes). Osprey.

Continental Infantrymen of the American Revolution by John Milsop. 

George III: King and Politician by Peter D.G. Thomas

A History of Britain (three volumes) by Simon Schama. 

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson. 

Thomas Jefferson: Author of America by Christopher Hitchens

Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History by Fawn Brodie

Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 by Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace

Alexander Hamilton A Concise Biography by Broadus Mitchell

Massachusetts: A Concise History by Richard Brown and Jack Tager 

Colonial Rhode Island: A History by Sydney James

Colonial Connecticut: A History by Robert Joseph Taylor

Colonial Massachusetts: A History by Benjamin Labaree

Colonial Pennsylvania: A History by Joseph Illick

Colonial New Jersey: A history by John Pomfret

Colonial New York: A history  by Michael Kammen

Colonial South Carolina: A History by Robert Weir

Colonial Georgia: A History by Kenneth Coleman

Colonial North Carolina: A History by Hugh Lefler and William Powell

Colonial New Hampshire: A History by Jere Daniel 

Colonial Virginia: A History by Thad Tate, J. E. Seley and Warren Billings 

Colonial Maryland: A History by  Aubrey Land

Colonial Delaware: A History by John Munroe

Guelzo, Allen. “The American Revolution.” The Great Courses. 

Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 by Edwin Burrows. 

The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn by Henry P. Johnston

The American Revolution : writings from the War of Independence edited by John Rhodehamel

The American Revolution: writings from the pamphlet debate

 Redcoats and rebels : the American Revolution through British eyes by Hibbert, Christopher

 The battle for New York : the city at the heart of the American Revolution by Schecter, Barnet 

Philadelphia: A 300 Year History edited by Russel Weigly 

The American Revolution in Indian country : crisis and diversity in Native American communities by Colin Calloway

 The winter soldiers : the battles for Trenton and Princeton by Richard Ketchum

Saratoga by Richard Ketchum

 1777: tipping point at Saratoga by Dean Snow

Victory at Yorktown : the campaign that won the Revolution by Richard Ketchum

Divided loyalties : how the American Revolution came to New York  by Richard Ketchum

The Guangxi Massacre was the largest documented case of mass cannibalism in human history. The Guangxi culinary abomination took place between 1967 and 1968 in Guangxi, China, a province located directly to the north of North Vietnam. Accordingly, the cannibalistic incident illustrates basic concepts of geopolitics and the way geography, lines of communication, and strategy intersect with social change and religion. Put succinctly, the Guangxi cannibal holocaust demonstrates how culture and strategy impact one another. The incident was part of a Civil War which took place in China during the 1960s, a conflict in which millions of human beings died and hundreds, perhaps thousands, were eaten by their fellow citizens. This is the story of that mass cannibalism.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast, the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact.

Download episode 106 here: download link

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

References:

Mao Tse-Tung on Revolution and War edited by M. Rejai

A Decade of Upheaval by by Dong Guoqiang and Andrew Walder

A Social History of Maoist China by Felix Wemheuer

Agents of Disorder by Andrew Walder

Civil War in Guangxi by Andrew Walder

Encyclopedia of Modern China edited by David Pong

The Beijing Red Guard Movement by Andrew Walder

Mao’s Great Famine by Frank Dikotter

Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday

Mao: A Biography by Ross Terrill

Mao: A Life by Philip Short

Mao Zedong: A Life by Johnathan Spence

Mao Zedong by Maurice Meisner

Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World by Rebecca Karl

Mao – A Young Man from the Yangtze Valley by Bernadette Smith

Mao’s China and After by Maurice Meisner

On the Culture Revolution in Tibet by Melvyn Goldstein et al.

The Poems of Mao Zedong by Mao Zedong. Translated by William Barnstone

Scarlet Memorial by Zheng Yi

The Secret Speeches of Chairman edited by Roderick MacFarquhar et al.

The Cambridge History of China edited by Denis Twitchett and John Fairbank. Volume 15.

The Chinese Cultural Revolution by Paul Clark

The Chinese Cultural Revolution by Adrian Hsia

The Writings of Mao Zedong edited by John Leung

China: A History by John Keay

Monaco is a nation smaller than one square mile but filled with more wealth per capita than almost any other country in the world. According to one historian, the tiny principality has zero natural resources. However, there is one resource Monaco does possess: The Rock – an impregnable natural fortress jutting into the azure water lanes of the Mediterranean sea. It was this natural fortification and its accompanying port that laid the foundation of Monaco’s abnormally persistent sovereignty. Put succinctly, Monaco has a history steeped in warfare, assassinations, and conflict. This is the definitive story of that conflict.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact.

Download episode 105 here: download link

The Definitive Military History of Monaco Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Monaco located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

References:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire by Peter H. Wilson 

The Royal House of Monaco by John Glatt

Histoire de Monaco by Pierre Fabry

The History of Monaco by H. Pemberton

The Grimaldis of Monaco: Centuries of Scandal, Years of Grace by Anne Edwards 

Making Monte Carlo: A History of Speculation and Spectacle by Mark Braude 

Genoa and the Genoese, 958-1528 by Stephen Epstein

Princes de Monaco: l’histoire remarquable de la famille Grimaldi by Françoise de Bernardy

The Oxford History of Italy edited by George Holmes

The Battle of Pearl Harbor was one of the most important events in United States – and human – history. It unleashed the most powerful nation the world has ever seen into mankind’s greatest war. This is the story of that battle. It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact.

This is part two of a two part series. You can find part one here: Pearl Harbor part one.

Download episode 104 here: download link

The Military History of the Battle of Pearl Harbor Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of The Battle of Pearl Harbor located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

References:

Islands of the Damned: A Marine at War in the Pacific by R.V. Burgin and Bill Marvel 

Countdown to Pearl Harbor by Steve Twomey

Day of Infamy by Walter Lord 

At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor by Gordan Prange

Pearl Harbor Betrayed by Michael Gannon

Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruit of Infamy edited by Percy L. Greaves Jr. 

I saw Tokyo burning: An eyewitness narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima by Robert Guillain

Tora! Tora! Tora! Pearl Harbor 1941 by Mark Stille

For That One Day: The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida, the Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor translated by Douglas Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe.

Pearl Harbor 1941: The Day of Infamy by Carl Smith. 2001. Osprey Publishing.

Defenses of Pearl Harbor and Oahu by G. Willford and T. McGovern

The Pearl Harbor Controversy, 1941-1946 by Martin Victor Melosi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of Texas at Autin. 1975. 

Remembering Pearl Harbor: Eyewitness Accounts by U.S. Military Men and

Women edited by Robert S. La Forte and Ronald E. Marcello

Pearl Harbor Medal of Honor citations by various.

Pearl Harbor Survivors: An oral history of 24 servicemen edited by Harry Spiller

Pearl Harbor: From Infamy to Greatness by Craig Nelson

Radioman: An eyewitness account of Pearl Harbor by Ray Daves

The Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions by Alan Zimm

Understanding Preventive Wars: Lessons from Pearl Harbor by Lionel Pierre Faton. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Waseda University. 

Battlefield: The Battle of Pearl Harbor. Television series. 2000. NBC Universal. 

The Battle of Pearl Harbor: a day that lived in infamy. Thousands of American servicemen were caught unaware – fish in a tropical barrel. Many died. Many lived. As a direct result of this two-hour battle, The United States of America entered the Second World War, inaugurating what Niall Ferguson called the largest hegemonic empire in human history. Here was the beginning of the dominance of the American dollar. Here was the beginning of the largest cultural onslaught on every culture of humanity, what Joseph Nye euphemistically calls “soft power.” There was nothing soft about the awakening of American power. This is the story of that awakening.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact.

Download episode 103 here: download link

The Military History of the Battle of Pearl Harbor Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of The Battle of Pearl Harbor located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

References:

Islands of the Damned: A Marine at War in the Pacific by R.V. Burgin and Bill Marvel 

Countdown to Pearl Harbor by Steve Twomey

Day of Infamy by Walter Lord 

At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor by Gordan Prange

Pearl Harbor Betrayed by Michael Gannon

Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruit of Infamy edited by Percy L. Greaves Jr. 

I saw Tokyo burning: An eyewitness narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima by Robert Guillain

Tora! Tora! Tora! Pearl Harbor 1941 by Mark Stille

For That One Day: The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida, the Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor translated by Douglas Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe.

Pearl Harbor 1941: The Day of Infamy by Carl Smith. 2001. Osprey Publishing.

Defenses of Pearl Harbor and Oahu by G. Willford and T. McGovern

The Pearl Harbor Controversy, 1941-1946 by Martin Victor Melosi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of Texas at Autin. 1975. 

Remembering Pearl Harbor: Eyewitness Accounts by U.S. Military Men and

Women edited by Robert S. La Forte and Ronald E. Marcello

Pearl Harbor Medal of Honor citations by various.

Pearl Harbor Survivors: An oral history of 24 servicemen edited by Harry Spiller

Pearl Harbor: From Infamy to Greatness by Craig Nelson

Radioman: An eyewitness account of Pearl Harbor by Ray Daves

The Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions by Alan Zimm

Understanding Preventive Wars: Lessons from Pearl Harbor by Lionel Pierre Faton. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Waseda University. 

Battlefield: The Battle of Pearl Harbor. Television series. 2000. NBC Universal. 

In this concluding episode of the definitive podcast history of torture, the focus is on interpersonal torture by non-state actors. This episode provides an overview of psychopathic torture, torture in the drug trade, torture for information, sexual torture, torture between ethnic groups and torture for entertainment. It should be pointed out, as Peter Edwards (1996) notes, many forms of interpersonal torture are motivated by multiple desires. The cartel torturer becomes bored and begins to experiment with his victims. The secret policeman, overwhelmed with lust and given total control over his target, abuses his victim sexually. The episode concludes with an overview of modern forms of abusive carceral practices from around the world in order to provide an exhaustive overview of the main motivations, forms, and uses of both interpersonal and state torture practices. In short, this is the definitive podcast history of torture.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact. This is part eight of a series on torture. You can find part seven: here, part six: here, part five: here, part four: here, part three: here, part two: here, and part one: here.

Download episode 102 here: download link

The Definitive History of Torture Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Torture located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

MegaCorp /// website: megacorp.bandcamp.com

The Definitive History of Torture and the Inquisition References:

Amnesty International. (November, 1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Iran. 

Amnesty International. (1972). Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil. Amnesty International Publications. 

Amnesty International. (2015). No end in sight: Torture and Forced Confessions in China. 

The (in)effectiveness of torture for combating insurgency by Christopher Michael Sullivan. Journal of Peace Research, May 2014, Vol. 51, No. 3.

U.S.-supported state terror: A history of police training in Latin America by Martha K. Huggins. Crime and Social Justice, 1987, No. 27/28, pp. 149-171.

A history of torture by Brian Innes. Amber books. 2017.

Torture as an instrument of national policy: France 1954–1962 by Philip Agee. The Black Scholar. 21:2, 66-70.

A history of the American people by Paul Johnson.

American torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond by M. Otterman. 2007. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “drawing and quartering”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 27, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering.

Americans at war: Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st century. Volume 2. ABC-CLIO books. 2018. Edited by James Arnold. 

Note – this is one of the best compendiums of eyewitness accounts of American war-fighting put into print and is well worth locating for anyone interested in American military history – L.W.

Torture behind bars: Role of the police force in India by John Aston. 2020.

Judging war crimes and torture: French justice and international criminal tribunals and commissions (1940-2005) by Yves Beigbeder. 

Legacies of authoritarianism: Brazilian torturers’ and murderers’ reformulation of memory by Martha K. Huggins. Latin American Perspectives, Mar., 2000, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-78.

The Spanish invasion of Mexico: 1519-1521 by Charles M. Robinson III. 2004. Osprey publishing. 

“My medicine is punishment”: A case of torture in early California, 1775–1776  by Claudio Saunt. Ethnohistory. 57:4 (Fall 2010). 

A concise history of Brazil, second edition by Boris Fausto. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 

The corruption of angels: The great inquisition of 1245-1246 by Mark Pegg. 2001. Princeton University Press. 

Cruel Britannia: A secret history of torture by Ian Cobain. 2012. 

The Albigensian Crusade by Jonathan Sumption. 2000.

Crusade, heresy and inquisition in the lands of the Crown of Aragon by Damian Smith. 2010. Brill. 

Crypto-Judaism and The Spanish Inquisition by Michael Alpert. 

The death of Aztec Tenochtitlan: The life of Mexico City by Barbara Mundy. 

The Gulag Archipelago. Three Volumes. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn. 

History taking after torture by Abi Rimmer. British Medical Journal, Vol. 349 (20 Oct 2014 – 26 Oct 2014).

Double‐blind: The torture case by Diana Taylor. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Summer 2007).

Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques by Vernon Geberth. 

Practical homicide investigation checklist and field guide by Vernon Geberth.

Sex-related homicide and death investigation: Practical and clinical perspectives by Venon Geberth. 

America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The first torture scandal by Christopher Einolf. 

The European witch craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A sociologist’s perspective by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.

Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, five volumes by Peter Cozzens. 2001. Stackpole books. 

Facing the torturer by Francois Bizot.

The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions by Adam S. Chilton and Mila Versteeg. The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 417-452.

God’s jury: The inquisition and the making of the modern world by Cullen Murphy.

Heaven or heresy: A history of the inquisition by Thomas Madden. 2007.

Heresy, crusade and inquisition in Southern France, 1100 – 1250 by Walter Wakefield. 

History of flagellation by Joseph McCabe. 1946. 

A history of Medieval heresy and inquisition by Jennifer Deane. 2011.

The history of the inquisition by Philippus van Limborch. 1816. 

Tortures et supplices en France by Fernand Mitton. 1909. 

Holy horrors: An illustrated history of religious murder by James Haught. 2000.

The Apache Wars: The hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the captive boy who started the longest war in American history by Paul Hutton. 2017.

Illustrated catalogue of the historical and world-renowned collection of torture instruments from the royal castle of Nuremberg. Earl of Shrewbury and Talbor. 1893. 

Imperial inquisitions by Steven Rutledge. 

Pol Pot: Anatomy of a nightmare by Philip Short. 2006.

The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 by Ben Kiernan. 2008.

Inquisition and society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 – 1834 by Stephen Haliczer. 1990.

The inquisition: A history by Michael Thomsett.

The inquisition: A global History 1478-1834 by Francisco Bethencourt. 

The Spanish inquisition: A historical revision by Henry Kamen. 2014.

Modern inquisitions, Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world by  Irene Silverblatt.

The washing of the spears by Donald Morris.

Reporting war; How foreign correspondents risked capture, torture and death to cover World War II by Ray Mosley. 2017.

On torture, or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by Talal Asad. Social Research, Vol. 63, No. 4 (WINTER 1996), pp. 1081-1109.

On the ethics of torture by U. Steinhoff. 2013.

Torture by Peter Edwards. 1996. 

Religious zealotry and political violence in Christianity and Islam by M.D. Litonjua. International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (Autumn 2009), pp. 307-331.

Regarding the pain of others by Susan Sontag.

On pain by Ernst Junger. 

On killing by Dave Grossman. 

The history of torture through the ages by George Scott. 2013. Routledge. 

The Spanish inquisition by Helen Rawlings. 

State torture: Interviewing perpetrators, discovering facilitators, theorizing cross-nationally proposing ‘Torutre 101.’ by Martha Huggins. State Crime Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 45-69.

The Roman inquisition, the index and the Jews by Stephan Wendehorst.

Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 by Paola Tartakoff.

Terrorism, ticking time-bombs, and torture: A philosophical analysis by F. Allhoff. 2012. 

The big book of pain: Torture and punishment through history by Mark Donnelly and Daniel Diehl. 

The Cambridge History of Latin America edited by Leslie Bethell. 2008.

The case of Pietro Acciarito: Accomplices, psychological torture, and “Raison d’État” by Nunzio Pernicone. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 5, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 67-104.

The death penalty as torture by John Bessler. 

The fall and rise of Torture: A comparative and historical analysis by Christopher J. Einolf. Sociological Theory, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 101-121.

Note: Einolf’s article is one of the best, short introductions to the history of torture – L.W. 

A history of torture by Daniel Mannix. 

The long howl: Serial torture by Ross Chambers. Yale French Studies, 2010, No. 118/119, pp. 39-51.

Wolves in the city: The death of French Algeria by Paul Henissart. 1970. 

A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne. 

The meaning of torture by Paul D. Kenny. Polity, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 131-155.

The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick. 2008.

Anonymous. Il Libro Dell’avversario. Not dated.

The Spanish inquisition 1478-1614: An anthology of sources edited by Lu Ann Homza. 2006. 

The absolute violation: Why torture must be prohibited by Richard S. Matthews.

The ethics of interrogation by P. Lauritzen. 2013.

The ethics of torture by J. Wisnewski and R.D. Emerick. 2009.

The torture question: The role of religion and psychology in public opinion of torture by Elizabeth Quiros. 2015. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University. 

Torture 101: Lessons from the Brazilian case by Martha Huggins. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall, 2005), pp. 161-173.

Torture by David Hope. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 807-832.

Torture and democracy by Darius Rejali. 

Lucian M. Ashworth (2010). Torture as public policy: restoring US credibility on the world stage, Journal of Power, 3:3, 445-451. 

History and methods of torture by Brian Innes. 2002. 

“Torture,” by H. Vogel. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, second edition. 2013. 

Torture without torturers: Violence and racialization in black Chicago by Laurence Ralph. Current Anthropology. Volume 61. February 2020. 

Torture: A collection. Edited by S. Levinson. 2006. 

The trial of Francis Ravaillac for the murder of King Henry the Great edited by Edmund Goldsmid. 1885. 

Police torture in France by Niels Uildriks. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Vol. 17/4. 1999. Pp. 411-423.

Understanding torture by J.J. Wisnewski. 2010. 

War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage by Lawrence H. Keeley. 1997.

Medieval punishments: An illustrated history of torture by William Andrews. 2013.

Witch hunts in the Western world by Brian Pavlac. 2009.

Canada’s impossible acknowledgment by Stephen Marche. The New Yorker. September 7, 2017

Austin, L.J. & Bocco, R. (2016). Becoming a torturer: Towards a global ergonomics of care. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(903). 

Ex Captivitate Salus by Carl Schmitt. 2017. Polity books.

Crimes of war: Iraq. Edited by Richard Falk, Irene Gendzier, and Robert Jay Lifton. 2006.

Crimes of war: What the public should know. Edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. 1999. W.W. Norton.

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror by Alfred McCoy. 2006. Henry Holt and Company.

Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation by Alfred McCoy

The Trauma of Psychological Torture edited by Almerindo Ojeda

The United States and Torture: Interrogation, Incarceration, and Abuse edited by Marjorie Cohn

Martyr’s Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America by Daniel P. Barr

Reed, Betsy (December, 2014). How the CIA tortured its detainees. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-methods-waterboarding-sleep-deprivation#:~:text=Sleep%20deprivation%20was%20employed%20routinely,in%20front%20of%20his%20body. 

The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records. Edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. Da Capo Press: New York, 1977.

Applebaum, Anne. (2003). Gulag: A history. Doubleday.

Levy, George (1999). To die in Chicago. 

O’Brien, D. Two of a Kind — The Hillside Stranglers. New York: Signet, 1985

Madame Lalaurie, Mistress of the Haunted House by Carolyn Morrow Long.

The Peculiar Institution by Kenneth Stamp. 

Long, Carolyn Morrow. (2020). “Mistress of the Haunted House.” 64Parishes.org. https://64parishes.org/mistress-haunted-house 

Mad Madame Lalaurie : New Orleans’ most famous murderess revealed by Love, Victoria Cosner

A Short History of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth Stamp

A short history of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Gate by Francois Bizot

Cambodia, Pol Pot and the Untied States by Michael Haas

Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter

Pol Pot by Philip Short

When the War was Over by Elizabeth Becker

Why did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide by Alexander Hinton

Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia by Stephen Morris

Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia by Ronald Bruce St. John

The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse by Lt. General Sak Sutsakhan

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

Genocide in Cambodia by Howard J. De Nike, John Quigly and Kenneth Robinson 

“Like we Were Enemies in a War:” China’s Mass Internment, Torture, and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang by Amnesty International. 2021.

Torture in China by Amnesty International. 1992. 

Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War by T.J. Stiles

The Civil War: A Narrative by Shelby Foote

A History of Missouri: Volume III, 1860 to 1875 by William E. Parrish 

Sheridan: The life and wars of General Phil Sheridan by Roy Morris Junior. 

Inside War by Michael Fellman

Old Dominion: New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia by Ronald L. Heinemann, John Kolp, Anthony Parent Junior and Willian Shade. 

Quantrill’s War: The life and times of William Clarke Quantrill by Duane Schultz

Futch, H. “Prison Life at Andersonville.” In Hesseltine, W.B. (Ed.). Civil war prisons. 

Andersonville: The Last Depot by William Marvel. The University of North Caroline Press. 

Andersonvilles of the North: The myths and realities of northern treatment of Civil War prisoner by J.M. Gillespie (2008). 

American torture. For years, philosophers, jurists, and legal theorists struggled with American use of torture in the war on terror. Just a few days after the events of the September 11th attacks, President George Bush was authorizing the use of torture on suspected members of international terrorist organizations. After a few months, American leaders were authorizing the use of imprisonment and torture against “any individual the president has ‘reason to believe’ is a member of Al Qaeda or anyone causing or seeking to cause harm to the United States, its citizens, or its economy.” Modern American torture began with the Cold War in the early 1950s and culminated in the war on terror. This is the history of the American variant of that universal and infamous institution. This is an American torture story.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact. This podcast is a thematic sequel to the episode on the September 11th terrorist attacks which you can find here.

In addition, this is part seven of an ongoing series on torture. You can find part six: here, part five: here, part four: here, part three: here, part two: here, and part one: here.

Download episode 101 here: download link

The Definitive History of Torture Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Torture located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

The Definitive History of Torture and the Inquisition References:

Amnesty International. (November, 1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Iran. 

Amnesty International. (1972). Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil. Amnesty International Publications. 

Amnesty International. (2015). No end in sight: Torture and Forced Confessions in China. 

The (in)effectiveness of torture for combating insurgency by Christopher Michael Sullivan. Journal of Peace Research, May 2014, Vol. 51, No. 3.

U.S.-supported state terror: A history of police training in Latin America by Martha K. Huggins. Crime and Social Justice, 1987, No. 27/28, pp. 149-171.

A history of torture by Brian Innes. Amber books. 2017.

Torture as an instrument of national policy: France 1954–1962 by Philip Agee. The Black Scholar. 21:2, 66-70.

A history of the American people by Paul Johnson.

American torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond by M. Otterman. 2007. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “drawing and quartering”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 27, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering.

Americans at war: Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st century. Volume 2. ABC-CLIO books. 2018. Edited by James Arnold. 

Note – this is one of the best compendiums of eyewitness accounts of American war-fighting put into print and is well worth locating for anyone interested in American military history – L.W.

Torture behind bars: Role of the police force in India by John Aston. 2020.

Judging war crimes and torture: French justice and international criminal tribunals and commissions (1940-2005) by Yves Beigbeder. 

Legacies of authoritarianism: Brazilian torturers’ and murderers’ reformulation of memory by Martha K. Huggins. Latin American Perspectives, Mar., 2000, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-78.

The Spanish invasion of Mexico: 1519-1521 by Charles M. Robinson III. 2004. Osprey publishing. 

“My medicine is punishment”: A case of torture in early California, 1775–1776  by Claudio Saunt. Ethnohistory. 57:4 (Fall 2010). 

A concise history of Brazil, second edition by Boris Fausto. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 

The corruption of angels: The great inquisition of 1245-1246 by Mark Pegg. 2001. Princeton University Press. 

Cruel Britannia: A secret history of torture by Ian Cobain. 2012. 

The Albigensian Crusade by Jonathan Sumption. 2000.

Crusade, heresy and inquisition in the lands of the Crown of Aragon by Damian Smith. 2010. Brill. 

Crypto-Judaism and The Spanish Inquisition by Michael Alpert. 

The death of Aztec Tenochtitlan: The life of Mexico City by Barbara Mundy. 

The Gulag Archipelago. Three Volumes. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn. 

History taking after torture by Abi Rimmer. British Medical Journal, Vol. 349 (20 Oct 2014 – 26 Oct 2014).

Double‐blind: The torture case by Diana Taylor. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Summer 2007).

Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques by Vernon Geberth. 

Practical homicide investigation checklist and field guide by Vernon Geberth.

Sex-related homicide and death investigation: Practical and clinical perspectives by Venon Geberth. 

America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The first torture scandal by Christopher Einolf. 

The European witch craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A sociologist’s perspective by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.

Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, five volumes by Peter Cozzens. 2001. Stackpole books. 

Facing the torturer by Francois Bizot.

The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions by Adam S. Chilton and Mila Versteeg. The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 417-452.

God’s jury: The inquisition and the making of the modern world by Cullen Murphy.

Heaven or heresy: A history of the inquisition by Thomas Madden. 2007.

Heresy, crusade and inquisition in Southern France, 1100 – 1250 by Walter Wakefield. 

History of flagellation by Joseph McCabe. 1946. 

A history of Medieval heresy and inquisition by Jennifer Deane. 2011.

The history of the inquisition by Philippus van Limborch. 1816. 

Tortures et supplices en France by Fernand Mitton. 1909. 

Holy horrors: An illustrated history of religious murder by James Haught. 2000.

The Apache Wars: The hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the captive boy who started the longest war in American history by Paul Hutton. 2017.

Illustrated catalogue of the historical and world-renowned collection of torture instruments from the royal castle of Nuremberg. Earl of Shrewbury and Talbor. 1893. 

Imperial inquisitions by Steven Rutledge. 

Pol Pot: Anatomy of a nightmare by Philip Short. 2006.

The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 by Ben Kiernan. 2008.

Inquisition and society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 – 1834 by Stephen Haliczer. 1990.

The inquisition: A history by Michael Thomsett.

The inquisition: A global History 1478-1834 by Francisco Bethencourt. 

The Spanish inquisition: A historical revision by Henry Kamen. 2014.

Modern inquisitions, Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world by  Irene Silverblatt.

The washing of the spears by Donald Morris.

Reporting war; How foreign correspondents risked capture, torture and death to cover World War II by Ray Mosley. 2017.

On torture, or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by Talal Asad. Social Research, Vol. 63, No. 4 (WINTER 1996), pp. 1081-1109.

On the ethics of torture by U. Steinhoff. 2013.

Torture by Peter Edwards. 1996. 

Religious zealotry and political violence in Christianity and Islam by M.D. Litonjua. International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (Autumn 2009), pp. 307-331.

Regarding the pain of others by Susan Sontag.

On pain by Ernst Junger. 

On killing by Dave Grossman. 

The history of torture through the ages by George Scott. 2013. Routledge. 

The Spanish inquisition by Helen Rawlings. 

State torture: Interviewing perpetrators, discovering facilitators, theorizing cross-nationally proposing ‘Torutre 101.’ by Martha Huggins. State Crime Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 45-69.

The Roman inquisition, the index and the Jews by Stephan Wendehorst.

Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 by Paola Tartakoff.

Terrorism, ticking time-bombs, and torture: A philosophical analysis by F. Allhoff. 2012. 

The big book of pain: Torture and punishment through history by Mark Donnelly and Daniel Diehl. 

The Cambridge History of Latin America edited by Leslie Bethell. 2008.

The case of Pietro Acciarito: Accomplices, psychological torture, and “Raison d’État” by Nunzio Pernicone. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 5, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 67-104.

The death penalty as torture by John Bessler. 

The fall and rise of Torture: A comparative and historical analysis by Christopher J. Einolf. Sociological Theory, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 101-121.

Note: Einolf’s article is one of the best, short introductions to the history of torture – L.W. 

A history of torture by Daniel Mannix. 

The long howl: Serial torture by Ross Chambers. Yale French Studies, 2010, No. 118/119, pp. 39-51.

Wolves in the city: The death of French Algeria by Paul Henissart. 1970. 

A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne. 

The meaning of torture by Paul D. Kenny. Polity, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 131-155.

The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick. 2008.

Anonymous. Il Libro Dell’avversario. Not dated.

The Spanish inquisition 1478-1614: An anthology of sources edited by Lu Ann Homza. 2006. 

The absolute violation: Why torture must be prohibited by Richard S. Matthews.

The ethics of interrogation by P. Lauritzen. 2013.

The ethics of torture by J. Wisnewski and R.D. Emerick. 2009.

The torture question: The role of religion and psychology in public opinion of torture by Elizabeth Quiros. 2015. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University. 

Torture 101: Lessons from the Brazilian case by Martha Huggins. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall, 2005), pp. 161-173.

Torture by David Hope. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 807-832.

Torture and democracy by Darius Rejali. 

Lucian M. Ashworth (2010). Torture as public policy: restoring US credibility on the world stage, Journal of Power, 3:3, 445-451. 

History and methods of torture by Brian Innes. 2002. 

“Torture,” by H. Vogel. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, second edition. 2013. 

Torture without torturers: Violence and racialization in black Chicago by Laurence Ralph. Current Anthropology. Volume 61. February 2020. 

Torture: A collection. Edited by S. Levinson. 2006. 

The trial of Francis Ravaillac for the murder of King Henry the Great edited by Edmund Goldsmid. 1885. 

Police torture in France by Niels Uildriks. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Vol. 17/4. 1999. Pp. 411-423.

Understanding torture by J.J. Wisnewski. 2010. 

War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage by Lawrence H. Keeley. 1997.

Medieval punishments: An illustrated history of torture by William Andrews. 2013.

Witch hunts in the Western world by Brian Pavlac. 2009.

Canada’s impossible acknowledgment by Stephen Marche. The New Yorker. September 7, 2017

Austin, L.J. & Bocco, R. (2016). Becoming a torturer: Towards a global ergonomics of care. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(903). 

Ex Captivitate Salus by Carl Schmitt. 2017. Polity books.

Crimes of war: Iraq. Edited by Richard Falk, Irene Gendzier, and Robert Jay Lifton. 2006.

Crimes of war: What the public should know. Edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. 1999. W.W. Norton.

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror by Alfred McCoy. 2006. Henry Holt and Company.

Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation by Alfred McCoy

The Trauma of Psychological Torture edited by Almerindo Ojeda

The United States and Torture: Interrogation, Incarceration, and Abuse edited by Marjorie Cohn

Martyr’s Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America by Daniel P. Barr

Reed, Betsy (December, 2014). How the CIA tortured its detainees. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-methods-waterboarding-sleep-deprivation#:~:text=Sleep%20deprivation%20was%20employed%20routinely,in%20front%20of%20his%20body. 

The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records. Edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. Da Capo Press: New York, 1977.

Applebaum, Anne. (2003). Gulag: A history. Doubleday.

Levy, George (1999). To die in Chicago. 

O’Brien, D. Two of a Kind — The Hillside Stranglers. New York: Signet, 1985

Madame Lalaurie, Mistress of the Haunted House by Carolyn Morrow Long.

The Peculiar Institution by Kenneth Stamp. 

Long, Carolyn Morrow. (2020). “Mistress of the Haunted House.” 64Parishes.org. https://64parishes.org/mistress-haunted-house 

Mad Madame Lalaurie : New Orleans’ most famous murderess revealed by Love, Victoria Cosner

A Short History of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth Stamp

A short history of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Gate by Francois Bizot

Cambodia, Pol Pot and the Untied States by Michael Haas

Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter

Pol Pot by Philip Short

When the War was Over by Elizabeth Becker

Why did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide by Alexander Hinton

Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia by Stephen Morris

Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia by Ronald Bruce St. John

The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse by Lt. General Sak Sutsakhan

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

Genocide in Cambodia by Howard J. De Nike, John Quigly and Kenneth Robinson 

“Like we Were Enemies in a War:” China’s Mass Internment, Torture, and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang by Amnesty International. 2021.

Torture in China by Amnesty International. 1992. 

Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War by T.J. Stiles

The Civil War: A Narrative by Shelby Foote

A History of Missouri: Volume III, 1860 to 1875 by William E. Parrish 

Sheridan: The life and wars of General Phil Sheridan by Roy Morris Junior. 

Inside War by Michael Fellman

Old Dominion: New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia by Ronald L. Heinemann, John Kolp, Anthony Parent Junior and Willian Shade. 

Quantrill’s War: The life and times of William Clarke Quantrill by Duane Schultz

Futch, H. “Prison Life at Andersonville.” In Hesseltine, W.B. (Ed.). Civil war prisons. 

Andersonville: The Last Depot by William Marvel. The University of North Caroline Press. 

Andersonvilles of the North: The myths and realities of northern treatment of Civil War prisoner by J.M. Gillespie (2008). 

This is a history of torture on the North American continent, including Native American, Canadian and United States torture practices.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact. This is part six of an ongoing series on torture. You can find part five here, part four: here, part three: here, part two: here, and part one: here.

Download episode 100 here: download link

The Definitive History of Torture Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Torture located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

The Definitive History of Torture and the Inquisition References:

Amnesty International. (November, 1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Iran. 

Amnesty International. (1972). Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil. Amnesty International Publications. 

Amnesty International. (2015). No end in sight: Torture and Forced Confessions in China. 

The (in)effectiveness of torture for combating insurgency by Christopher Michael Sullivan. Journal of Peace Research, May 2014, Vol. 51, No. 3.

U.S.-supported state terror: A history of police training in Latin America by Martha K. Huggins. Crime and Social Justice, 1987, No. 27/28, pp. 149-171.

A history of torture by Brian Innes. Amber books. 2017.

Torture as an instrument of national policy: France 1954–1962 by Philip Agee. The Black Scholar. 21:2, 66-70.

A history of the American people by Paul Johnson.

American torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond by M. Otterman. 2007. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “drawing and quartering”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 27, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering.

Americans at war: Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st century. Volume 2. ABC-CLIO books. 2018. Edited by James Arnold. 

Note – this is one of the best compendiums of eyewitness accounts of American war-fighting put into print and is well worth locating for anyone interested in American military history – L.W.

Torture behind bars: Role of the police force in India by John Aston. 2020.

Judging war crimes and torture: French justice and international criminal tribunals and commissions (1940-2005) by Yves Beigbeder. 

Legacies of authoritarianism: Brazilian torturers’ and murderers’ reformulation of memory by Martha K. Huggins. Latin American Perspectives, Mar., 2000, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-78.

The Spanish invasion of Mexico: 1519-1521 by Charles M. Robinson III. 2004. Osprey publishing. 

“My medicine is punishment”: A case of torture in early California, 1775–1776  by Claudio Saunt. Ethnohistory. 57:4 (Fall 2010). 

A concise history of Brazil, second edition by Boris Fausto. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 

The corruption of angels: The great inquisition of 1245-1246 by Mark Pegg. 2001. Princeton University Press. 

Cruel Britannia: A secret history of torture by Ian Cobain. 2012. 

The Albigensian Crusade by Jonathan Sumption. 2000.

Crusade, heresy and inquisition in the lands of the Crown of Aragon by Damian Smith. 2010. Brill. 

Crypto-Judaism and The Spanish Inquisition by Michael Alpert. 

The death of Aztec Tenochtitlan: The life of Mexico City by Barbara Mundy. 

The Gulag Archipelago. Three Volumes. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn. 

History taking after torture by Abi Rimmer. British Medical Journal, Vol. 349 (20 Oct 2014 – 26 Oct 2014).

Double‐blind: The torture case by Diana Taylor. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Summer 2007).

Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques by Vernon Geberth. 

Practical homicide investigation checklist and field guide by Vernon Geberth.

Sex-related homicide and death investigation: Practical and clinical perspectives by Venon Geberth. 

America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The first torture scandal by Christopher Einolf. 

The European witch craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A sociologist’s perspective by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.

Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, five volumes by Peter Cozzens. 2001. Stackpole books. 

Facing the torturer by Francois Bizot.

The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions by Adam S. Chilton and Mila Versteeg. The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 417-452.

God’s jury: The inquisition and the making of the modern world by Cullen Murphy.

Heaven or heresy: A history of the inquisition by Thomas Madden. 2007.

Heresy, crusade and inquisition in Southern France, 1100 – 1250 by Walter Wakefield. 

History of flagellation by Joseph McCabe. 1946. 

A history of Medieval heresy and inquisition by Jennifer Deane. 2011.

The history of the inquisition by Philippus van Limborch. 1816. 

Tortures et supplices en France by Fernand Mitton. 1909. 

Holy horrors: An illustrated history of religious murder by James Haught. 2000.

The Apache Wars: The hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the captive boy who started the longest war in American history by Paul Hutton. 2017.

Illustrated catalogue of the historical and world-renowned collection of torture instruments from the royal castle of Nuremberg. Earl of Shrewbury and Talbor. 1893. 

Imperial inquisitions by Steven Rutledge. 

Pol Pot: Anatomy of a nightmare by Philip Short. 2006.

The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 by Ben Kiernan. 2008.

Inquisition and society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 – 1834 by Stephen Haliczer. 1990.

The inquisition: A history by Michael Thomsett.

The inquisition: A global History 1478-1834 by Francisco Bethencourt. 

The Spanish inquisition: A historical revision by Henry Kamen. 2014.

Modern inquisitions, Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world by  Irene Silverblatt.

The washing of the spears by Donald Morris.

Reporting war; How foreign correspondents risked capture, torture and death to cover World War II by Ray Mosley. 2017.

On torture, or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by Talal Asad. Social Research, Vol. 63, No. 4 (WINTER 1996), pp. 1081-1109.

On the ethics of torture by U. Steinhoff. 2013.

Torture by Peter Edwards. 1996. 

Religious zealotry and political violence in Christianity and Islam by M.D. Litonjua. International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (Autumn 2009), pp. 307-331.

Regarding the pain of others by Susan Sontag.

On pain by Ernst Junger. 

On killing by Dave Grossman. 

The history of torture through the ages by George Scott. 2013. Routledge. 

The Spanish inquisition by Helen Rawlings. 

State torture: Interviewing perpetrators, discovering facilitators, theorizing cross-nationally proposing ‘Torutre 101.’ by Martha Huggins. State Crime Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 45-69.

The Roman inquisition, the index and the Jews by Stephan Wendehorst.

Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 by Paola Tartakoff.

Terrorism, ticking time-bombs, and torture: A philosophical analysis by F. Allhoff. 2012. 

The big book of pain: Torture and punishment through history by Mark Donnelly and Daniel Diehl. 

The Cambridge History of Latin America edited by Leslie Bethell. 2008.

The case of Pietro Acciarito: Accomplices, psychological torture, and “Raison d’État” by Nunzio Pernicone. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 5, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 67-104.

The death penalty as torture by John Bessler. 

The fall and rise of Torture: A comparative and historical analysis by Christopher J. Einolf. Sociological Theory, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 101-121.

Note: Einolf’s article is one of the best, short introductions to the history of torture – L.W. 

A history of torture by Daniel Mannix. 

The long howl: Serial torture by Ross Chambers. Yale French Studies, 2010, No. 118/119, pp. 39-51.

Wolves in the city: The death of French Algeria by Paul Henissart. 1970. 

A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne. 

The meaning of torture by Paul D. Kenny. Polity, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 131-155.

The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick. 2008.

Anonymous. Il Libro Dell’avversario. Not dated.

The Spanish inquisition 1478-1614: An anthology of sources edited by Lu Ann Homza. 2006. 

The absolute violation: Why torture must be prohibited by Richard S. Matthews.

The ethics of interrogation by P. Lauritzen. 2013.

The ethics of torture by J. Wisnewski and R.D. Emerick. 2009.

The torture question: The role of religion and psychology in public opinion of torture by Elizabeth Quiros. 2015. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University. 

Torture 101: Lessons from the Brazilian case by Martha Huggins. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall, 2005), pp. 161-173.

Torture by David Hope. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 807-832.

Torture and democracy by Darius Rejali. 

Lucian M. Ashworth (2010). Torture as public policy: restoring US credibility on the world stage, Journal of Power, 3:3, 445-451. 

History and methods of torture by Brian Innes. 2002. 

“Torture,” by H. Vogel. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, second edition. 2013. 

Torture without torturers: Violence and racialization in black Chicago by Laurence Ralph. Current Anthropology. Volume 61. February 2020. 

Torture: A collection. Edited by S. Levinson. 2006. 

The trial of Francis Ravaillac for the murder of King Henry the Great edited by Edmund Goldsmid. 1885. 

Police torture in France by Niels Uildriks. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Vol. 17/4. 1999. Pp. 411-423.

Understanding torture by J.J. Wisnewski. 2010. 

War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage by Lawrence H. Keeley. 1997.

Medieval punishments: An illustrated history of torture by William Andrews. 2013.

Witch hunts in the Western world by Brian Pavlac. 2009.

Canada’s impossible acknowledgment by Stephen Marche. The New Yorker. September 7, 2017

Austin, L.J. & Bocco, R. (2016). Becoming a torturer: Towards a global ergonomics of care. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(903). 

Ex Captivitate Salus by Carl Schmitt. 2017. Polity books.

Crimes of war: Iraq. Edited by Richard Falk, Irene Gendzier, and Robert Jay Lifton. 2006.

Crimes of war: What the public should know. Edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. 1999. W.W. Norton.

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror by Alfred McCoy. 2006. Henry Holt and Company.

Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation by Alfred McCoy

The Trauma of Psychological Torture edited by Almerindo Ojeda

The United States and Torture: Interrogation, Incarceration, and Abuse edited by Marjorie Cohn

Martyr’s Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America by Daniel P. Barr

Reed, Betsy (December, 2014). How the CIA tortured its detainees. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-methods-waterboarding-sleep-deprivation#:~:text=Sleep%20deprivation%20was%20employed%20routinely,in%20front%20of%20his%20body. 

The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records. Edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. Da Capo Press: New York, 1977.

Applebaum, Anne. (2003). Gulag: A history. Doubleday.

Levy, George (1999). To die in Chicago. 

O’Brien, D. Two of a Kind — The Hillside Stranglers. New York: Signet, 1985

Madame Lalaurie, Mistress of the Haunted House by Carolyn Morrow Long.

The Peculiar Institution by Kenneth Stamp. 

Long, Carolyn Morrow. (2020). “Mistress of the Haunted House.” 64Parishes.org. https://64parishes.org/mistress-haunted-house 

Mad Madame Lalaurie : New Orleans’ most famous murderess revealed by Love, Victoria Cosner

A Short History of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth Stamp

A short history of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Gate by Francois Bizot

Cambodia, Pol Pot and the Untied States by Michael Haas

Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter

Pol Pot by Philip Short

When the War was Over by Elizabeth Becker

Why did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide by Alexander Hinton

Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia by Stephen Morris

Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia by Ronald Bruce St. John

The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse by Lt. General Sak Sutsakhan

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

Genocide in Cambodia by Howard J. De Nike, John Quigly and Kenneth Robinson 

“Like we Were Enemies in a War:” China’s Mass Internment, Torture, and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang by Amnesty International. 2021.

Torture in China by Amnesty International. 1992. 

Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War by T.J. Stiles

The Civil War: A Narrative by Shelby Foote

A History of Missouri: Volume III, 1860 to 1875 by William E. Parrish 

Sheridan: The life and wars of General Phil Sheridan by Roy Morris Junior. 

Inside War by Michael Fellman

Old Dominion: New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia by Ronald L. Heinemann, John Kolp, Anthony Parent Junior and Willian Shade. 

Quantrill’s War: The life and times of William Clarke Quantrill by Duane Schultz

Futch, H. “Prison Life at Andersonville.” In Hesseltine, W.B. (Ed.). Civil war prisons. 

Andersonville: The Last Depot by William Marvel. The University of North Caroline Press. 

Andersonvilles of the North: The myths and realities of northern treatment of Civil War prisoner by J.M. Gillespie (2008). 

The Cambodian Genocide was a second holocaust. Approximately 1.6 million human beings were killed in the terrible bloodletting. But the genocide was unique – it’s one of the only cases in human history where people from the same ethnic group murdered whole segments of its own population – guilty of being born in the wrong class! Hundreds of thousands were tortured. Hundreds of thousands were killed. Hundreds of thousands were outright murdered. Entire populations of ethnic minorities were displaced seemingly overnight, in an act of brutality that would make Idi Amin’s mass expulsion of South Asians seem like a walk in the park. This is the story of that daymare. But what is almost worse than the story of what took place in Cambodia, is what the rest of the world did while it was happening: sat on its hands; drank cocktails; chased women.

The way people were tortured was unique as well. In this episode, there are documented cases of crocodile torture; documented cases of children burned, their corpses turned into fertilizer and their own mothers forced to plow the fields with the ashes of their own offspring. That is what the Great Cambodian Revolution achieved! The Marquis de Sade would blush to see the atrocities Pol Pot and his child soldiers dreamed up for their many enemies.

And in this episode we also document a concise history of Chinese torture; focusing on the present-day persecution of millions of Uyghurs easily paid for by the ample funds garnered from the West by Shein, Temu, and Tiktok – what progress! What savings these trinkets buy! We need these services from our geopolitical rivals! They’re as durable as our morals! As unchanging as our dearest-held values!

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact. This is part five of an ongoing series on torture. You can find part four: here, part three: here, part two: here, and part one: here.

Download episode 99 here: download link

The Definitive History of Torture Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Torture located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

The Definitive History of Torture and the Inquisition References:

Amnesty International. (November, 1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Iran. 

Amnesty International. (1972). Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil. Amnesty International Publications. 

Amnesty International. (2015). No end in sight: Torture and Forced Confessions in China. 

The (in)effectiveness of torture for combating insurgency by Christopher Michael Sullivan. Journal of Peace Research, May 2014, Vol. 51, No. 3.

U.S.-supported state terror: A history of police training in Latin America by Martha K. Huggins. Crime and Social Justice, 1987, No. 27/28, pp. 149-171.

A history of torture by Brian Innes. Amber books. 2017.

Torture as an instrument of national policy: France 1954–1962 by Philip Agee. The Black Scholar. 21:2, 66-70.

A history of the American people by Paul Johnson.

American torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond by M. Otterman. 2007. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “drawing and quartering”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 27, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering.

Americans at war: Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st century. Volume 2. ABC-CLIO books. 2018. Edited by James Arnold. 

Note – this is one of the best compendiums of eyewitness accounts of American war-fighting put into print and is well worth locating for anyone interested in American military history – L.W.

Torture behind bars: Role of the police force in India by John Aston. 2020.

Judging war crimes and torture: French justice and international criminal tribunals and commissions (1940-2005) by Yves Beigbeder. 

Legacies of authoritarianism: Brazilian torturers’ and murderers’ reformulation of memory by Martha K. Huggins. Latin American Perspectives, Mar., 2000, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-78.

The Spanish invasion of Mexico: 1519-1521 by Charles M. Robinson III. 2004. Osprey publishing. 

“My medicine is punishment”: A case of torture in early California, 1775–1776  by Claudio Saunt. Ethnohistory. 57:4 (Fall 2010). 

A concise history of Brazil, second edition by Boris Fausto. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 

The corruption of angels: The great inquisition of 1245-1246 by Mark Pegg. 2001. Princeton University Press. 

Cruel Britannia: A secret history of torture by Ian Cobain. 2012. 

The Albigensian Crusade by Jonathan Sumption. 2000.

Crusade, heresy and inquisition in the lands of the Crown of Aragon by Damian Smith. 2010. Brill. 

Crypto-Judaism and The Spanish Inquisition by Michael Alpert. 

The death of Aztec Tenochtitlan: The life of Mexico City by Barbara Mundy. 

The Gulag Archipelago. Three Volumes. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn. 

History taking after torture by Abi Rimmer. British Medical Journal, Vol. 349 (20 Oct 2014 – 26 Oct 2014).

Double‐blind: The torture case by Diana Taylor. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Summer 2007).

Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques by Vernon Geberth. 

Practical homicide investigation checklist and field guide by Vernon Geberth.

Sex-related homicide and death investigation: Practical and clinical perspectives by Venon Geberth. 

America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The first torture scandal by Christopher Einolf. 

The European witch craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A sociologist’s perspective by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.

Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, five volumes by Peter Cozzens. 2001. Stackpole books. 

Facing the torturer by Francois Bizot.

The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions by Adam S. Chilton and Mila Versteeg. The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 417-452.

God’s jury: The inquisition and the making of the modern world by Cullen Murphy.

Heaven or heresy: A history of the inquisition by Thomas Madden. 2007.

Heresy, crusade and inquisition in Southern France, 1100 – 1250 by Walter Wakefield. 

History of flagellation by Joseph McCabe. 1946. 

A history of Medieval heresy and inquisition by Jennifer Deane. 2011.

The history of the inquisition by Philippus van Limborch. 1816. 

Tortures et supplices en France by Fernand Mitton. 1909. 

Holy horrors: An illustrated history of religious murder by James Haught. 2000.

The Apache Wars: The hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the captive boy who started the longest war in American history by Paul Hutton. 2017.

Illustrated catalogue of the historical and world-renowned collection of torture instruments from the royal castle of Nuremberg. Earl of Shrewbury and Talbor. 1893. 

Imperial inquisitions by Steven Rutledge. 

Pol Pot: Anatomy of a nightmare by Philip Short. 2006.

The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 by Ben Kiernan. 2008.

Inquisition and society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 – 1834 by Stephen Haliczer. 1990.

The inquisition: A history by Michael Thomsett.

The inquisition: A global History 1478-1834 by Francisco Bethencourt. 

The Spanish inquisition: A historical revision by Henry Kamen. 2014.

Modern inquisitions, Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world by  Irene Silverblatt.

The washing of the spears by Donald Morris.

Reporting war; How foreign correspondents risked capture, torture and death to cover World War II by Ray Mosley. 2017.

On torture, or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by Talal Asad. Social Research, Vol. 63, No. 4 (WINTER 1996), pp. 1081-1109.

On the ethics of torture by U. Steinhoff. 2013.

Torture by Peter Edwards. 1996. 

Religious zealotry and political violence in Christianity and Islam by M.D. Litonjua. International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (Autumn 2009), pp. 307-331.

Regarding the pain of others by Susan Sontag.

On pain by Ernst Junger. 

On killing by Dave Grossman. 

The history of torture through the ages by George Scott. 2013. Routledge. 

The Spanish inquisition by Helen Rawlings. 

State torture: Interviewing perpetrators, discovering facilitators, theorizing cross-nationally proposing ‘Torutre 101.’ by Martha Huggins. State Crime Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 45-69.

The Roman inquisition, the index and the Jews by Stephan Wendehorst.

Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 by Paola Tartakoff.

Terrorism, ticking time-bombs, and torture: A philosophical analysis by F. Allhoff. 2012. 

The big book of pain: Torture and punishment through history by Mark Donnelly and Daniel Diehl. 

The Cambridge History of Latin America edited by Leslie Bethell. 2008.

The case of Pietro Acciarito: Accomplices, psychological torture, and “Raison d’État” by Nunzio Pernicone. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 5, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 67-104.

The death penalty as torture by John Bessler. 

The fall and rise of Torture: A comparative and historical analysis by Christopher J. Einolf. Sociological Theory, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 101-121.

Note: Einolf’s article is one of the best, short introductions to the history of torture – L.W. 

A history of torture by Daniel Mannix. 

The long howl: Serial torture by Ross Chambers. Yale French Studies, 2010, No. 118/119, pp. 39-51.

Wolves in the city: The death of French Algeria by Paul Henissart. 1970. 

A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne. 

The meaning of torture by Paul D. Kenny. Polity, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 131-155.

The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick. 2008.

Anonymous. Il Libro Dell’avversario. Not dated.

The Spanish inquisition 1478-1614: An anthology of sources edited by Lu Ann Homza. 2006. 

The absolute violation: Why torture must be prohibited by Richard S. Matthews.

The ethics of interrogation by P. Lauritzen. 2013.

The ethics of torture by J. Wisnewski and R.D. Emerick. 2009.

The torture question: The role of religion and psychology in public opinion of torture by Elizabeth Quiros. 2015. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University. 

Torture 101: Lessons from the Brazilian case by Martha Huggins. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall, 2005), pp. 161-173.

Torture by David Hope. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 807-832.

Torture and democracy by Darius Rejali. 

Lucian M. Ashworth (2010). Torture as public policy: restoring US credibility on the world stage, Journal of Power, 3:3, 445-451. 

History and methods of torture by Brian Innes. 2002. 

“Torture,” by H. Vogel. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, second edition. 2013. 

Torture without torturers: Violence and racialization in black Chicago by Laurence Ralph. Current Anthropology. Volume 61. February 2020. 

Torture: A collection. Edited by S. Levinson. 2006. 

The trial of Francis Ravaillac for the murder of King Henry the Great edited by Edmund Goldsmid. 1885. 

Police torture in France by Niels Uildriks. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Vol. 17/4. 1999. Pp. 411-423.

Understanding torture by J.J. Wisnewski. 2010. 

War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage by Lawrence H. Keeley. 1997.

Medieval punishments: An illustrated history of torture by William Andrews. 2013.

Witch hunts in the Western world by Brian Pavlac. 2009.

Canada’s impossible acknowledgment by Stephen Marche. The New Yorker. September 7, 2017

Austin, L.J. & Bocco, R. (2016). Becoming a torturer: Towards a global ergonomics of care. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(903). 

Ex Captivitate Salus by Carl Schmitt. 2017. Polity books.

Crimes of war: Iraq. Edited by Richard Falk, Irene Gendzier, and Robert Jay Lifton. 2006.

Crimes of war: What the public should know. Edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. 1999. W.W. Norton.

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror by Alfred McCoy. 2006. Henry Holt and Company.

Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation by Alfred McCoy

The Trauma of Psychological Torture edited by Almerindo Ojeda

The United States and Torture: Interrogation, Incarceration, and Abuse edited by Marjorie Cohn

Martyr’s Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America by Daniel P. Barr

Reed, Betsy (December, 2014). How the CIA tortured its detainees. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-methods-waterboarding-sleep-deprivation#:~:text=Sleep%20deprivation%20was%20employed%20routinely,in%20front%20of%20his%20body. 

The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records. Edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. Da Capo Press: New York, 1977.

Applebaum, Anne. (2003). Gulag: A history. Doubleday.

Levy, George (1999). To die in Chicago. 

O’Brien, D. Two of a Kind — The Hillside Stranglers. New York: Signet, 1985

Madame Lalaurie, Mistress of the Haunted House by Carolyn Morrow Long.

The Peculiar Institution by Kenneth Stamp. 

Long, Carolyn Morrow. (2020). “Mistress of the Haunted House.” 64Parishes.org. https://64parishes.org/mistress-haunted-house 

Mad Madame Lalaurie : New Orleans’ most famous murderess revealed by Love, Victoria Cosner

A Short History of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth Stamp

A short history of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Gate by Francois Bizot

Cambodia, Pol Pot and the Untied States by Michael Haas

Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter

Pol Pot by Philip Short

When the War was Over by Elizabeth Becker

Why did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide by Alexander Hinton

Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia by Stephen Morris

Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia by Ronald Bruce St. John

The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse by Lt. General Sak Sutsakhan

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

Genocide in Cambodia by Howard J. De Nike, John Quigly and Kenneth Robinson 

“Like we Were Enemies in a War:” China’s Mass Internment, Torture, and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang by Amnesty International. 2021.

Torture in China by Amnesty International. 1992. 

The Soviet punitive system was the heir of literally hundreds of years of secret police interrogation. For centuries, the Czar’s secret police had tortured, refined, and perfected the art of interrogation – all of it based on practice – not theory. That is why American researchers were so amazed at the Soviet interrogation success rate. In the 1950s, professional researchers, trained social and medical scientists, wrote reports in obvious reverential respect for the Communist repression and interrogation system. And it’s that refined and perfected system I’m going to present to you today, a system that lasted and probably still lasts, longer than any other torture institution in human history.

It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact. This is part four of an ongoing on series on torture. You can find part three: here, part two: here, and part one: here.

Download episode 98 here: download link

The Definitive History of Torture Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Torture located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

The Definitive History of Torture and the Inquisition References:

Amnesty International. (November, 1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Iran. 

Amnesty International. (1972). Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil. Amnesty International Publications. 

Amnesty International. (2015). No end in sight: Torture and Forced Confessions in China. 

The (in)effectiveness of torture for combating insurgency by Christopher Michael Sullivan. Journal of Peace Research, May 2014, Vol. 51, No. 3.

U.S.-supported state terror: A history of police training in Latin America by Martha K. Huggins. Crime and Social Justice, 1987, No. 27/28, pp. 149-171.

A history of torture by Brian Innes. Amber books. 2017.

Torture as an instrument of national policy: France 1954–1962 by Philip Agee. The Black Scholar. 21:2, 66-70.

A history of the American people by Paul Johnson.

American torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond by M. Otterman. 2007. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “drawing and quartering”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 27, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering.

Americans at war: Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st century. Volume 2. ABC-CLIO books. 2018. Edited by James Arnold. 

Note – this is one of the best compendiums of eyewitness accounts of American war-fighting put into print and is well worth locating for anyone interested in American military history – L.W.

Torture behind bars: Role of the police force in India by John Aston. 2020.

Judging war crimes and torture: French justice and international criminal tribunals and commissions (1940-2005) by Yves Beigbeder. 

Legacies of authoritarianism: Brazilian torturers’ and murderers’ reformulation of memory by Martha K. Huggins. Latin American Perspectives, Mar., 2000, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-78.

The Spanish invasion of Mexico: 1519-1521 by Charles M. Robinson III. 2004. Osprey publishing. 

“My medicine is punishment”: A case of torture in early California, 1775–1776  by Claudio Saunt. Ethnohistory. 57:4 (Fall 2010). 

A concise history of Brazil, second edition by Boris Fausto. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 

The corruption of angels: The great inquisition of 1245-1246 by Mark Pegg. 2001. Princeton University Press. 

Cruel Britannia: A secret history of torture by Ian Cobain. 2012. 

The Albigensian Crusade by Jonathan Sumption. 2000.

Crusade, heresy and inquisition in the lands of the Crown of Aragon by Damian Smith. 2010. Brill. 

Crypto-Judaism and The Spanish Inquisition by Michael Alpert. 

The death of Aztec Tenochtitlan: The life of Mexico City by Barbara Mundy. 

The Gulag Archipelago. Three Volumes. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn. 

History taking after torture by Abi Rimmer. British Medical Journal, Vol. 349 (20 Oct 2014 – 26 Oct 2014).

Double‐blind: The torture case by Diana Taylor. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Summer 2007).

Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques by Vernon Geberth. 

Practical homicide investigation checklist and field guide by Vernon Geberth.

Sex-related homicide and death investigation: Practical and clinical perspectives by Venon Geberth. 

America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The first torture scandal by Christopher Einolf. 

The European witch craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A sociologist’s perspective by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.

Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, five volumes by Peter Cozzens. 2001. Stackpole books. 

Facing the torturer by Francois Bizot.

The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions by Adam S. Chilton and Mila Versteeg. The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 417-452.

God’s jury: The inquisition and the making of the modern world by Cullen Murphy.

Heaven or heresy: A history of the inquisition by Thomas Madden. 2007.

Heresy, crusade and inquisition in Southern France, 1100 – 1250 by Walter Wakefield. 

History of flagellation by Joseph McCabe. 1946. 

A history of Medieval heresy and inquisition by Jennifer Deane. 2011.

The history of the inquisition by Philippus van Limborch. 1816. 

Tortures et supplices en France by Fernand Mitton. 1909. 

Holy horrors: An illustrated history of religious murder by James Haught. 2000.

The Apache Wars: The hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the captive boy who started the longest war in American history by Paul Hutton. 2017.

Illustrated catalogue of the historical and world-renowned collection of torture instruments from the royal castle of Nuremberg. Earl of Shrewbury and Talbor. 1893. 

Imperial inquisitions by Steven Rutledge. 

Pol Pot: Anatomy of a nightmare by Philip Short. 2006.

The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 by Ben Kiernan. 2008.

Inquisition and society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 – 1834 by Stephen Haliczer. 1990.

The inquisition: A history by Michael Thomsett.

The inquisition: A global History 1478-1834 by Francisco Bethencourt. 

The Spanish inquisition: A historical revision by Henry Kamen. 2014.

Modern inquisitions, Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world by  Irene Silverblatt.

The washing of the spears by Donald Morris.

Reporting war; How foreign correspondents risked capture, torture and death to cover World War II by Ray Mosley. 2017.

On torture, or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by Talal Asad. Social Research, Vol. 63, No. 4 (WINTER 1996), pp. 1081-1109.

On the ethics of torture by U. Steinhoff. 2013.

Torture by Peter Edwards. 1996. 

Religious zealotry and political violence in Christianity and Islam by M.D. Litonjua. International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (Autumn 2009), pp. 307-331.

Regarding the pain of others by Susan Sontag.

On pain by Ernst Junger. 

On killing by Dave Grossman. 

The history of torture through the ages by George Scott. 2013. Routledge. 

The Spanish inquisition by Helen Rawlings. 

State torture: Interviewing perpetrators, discovering facilitators, theorizing cross-nationally proposing ‘Torutre 101.’ by Martha Huggins. State Crime Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 45-69.

The Roman inquisition, the index and the Jews by Stephan Wendehorst.

Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 by Paola Tartakoff.

Terrorism, ticking time-bombs, and torture: A philosophical analysis by F. Allhoff. 2012. 

The big book of pain: Torture and punishment through history by Mark Donnelly and Daniel Diehl. 

The Cambridge History of Latin America edited by Leslie Bethell. 2008.

The case of Pietro Acciarito: Accomplices, psychological torture, and “Raison d’État” by Nunzio Pernicone. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 5, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 67-104.

The death penalty as torture by John Bessler. 

The fall and rise of Torture: A comparative and historical analysis by Christopher J. Einolf. Sociological Theory, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 101-121.

Note: Einolf’s article is one of the best, short introductions to the history of torture – L.W. 

A history of torture by Daniel Mannix. 

The long howl: Serial torture by Ross Chambers. Yale French Studies, 2010, No. 118/119, pp. 39-51.

Wolves in the city: The death of French Algeria by Paul Henissart. 1970. 

A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne. 

The meaning of torture by Paul D. Kenny. Polity, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 131-155.

The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick. 2008.

Anonymous. Il Libro Dell’avversario. Not dated.

The Spanish inquisition 1478-1614: An anthology of sources edited by Lu Ann Homza. 2006. 

The absolute violation: Why torture must be prohibited by Richard S. Matthews.

The ethics of interrogation by P. Lauritzen. 2013.

The ethics of torture by J. Wisnewski and R.D. Emerick. 2009.

The torture question: The role of religion and psychology in public opinion of torture by Elizabeth Quiros. 2015. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University. 

Torture 101: Lessons from the Brazilian case by Martha Huggins. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall, 2005), pp. 161-173.

Torture by David Hope. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 807-832.

Torture and democracy by Darius Rejali. 

Lucian M. Ashworth (2010). Torture as public policy: restoring US credibility on the world stage, Journal of Power, 3:3, 445-451. 

History and methods of torture by Brian Innes. 2002. 

“Torture,” by H. Vogel. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, second edition. 2013. 

Torture without torturers: Violence and racialization in black Chicago by Laurence Ralph. Current Anthropology. Volume 61. February 2020. 

Torture: A collection. Edited by S. Levinson. 2006. 

The trial of Francis Ravaillac for the murder of King Henry the Great edited by Edmund Goldsmid. 1885. 

Police torture in France by Niels Uildriks. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Vol. 17/4. 1999. Pp. 411-423.

Understanding torture by J.J. Wisnewski. 2010. 

War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage by Lawrence H. Keeley. 1997.

Medieval punishments: An illustrated history of torture by William Andrews. 2013.

Witch hunts in the Western world by Brian Pavlac. 2009.

Canada’s impossible acknowledgment by Stephen Marche. The New Yorker. September 7, 2017

Austin, L.J. & Bocco, R. (2016). Becoming a torturer: Towards a global ergonomics of care. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(903). 

Ex Captivitate Salus by Carl Schmitt. 2017. Polity books.

Crimes of war: Iraq. Edited by Richard Falk, Irene Gendzier, and Robert Jay Lifton. 2006.

Crimes of war: What the public should know. Edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. 1999. W.W. Norton.

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror by Alfred McCoy. 2006. Henry Holt and Company.

Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation by Alfred McCoy

The Trauma of Psychological Torture edited by Almerindo Ojeda

The United States and Torture: Interrogation, Incarceration, and Abuse edited by Marjorie Cohn

Martyr’s Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America by Daniel P. Barr

Reed, Betsy (December, 2014). How the CIA tortured its detainees. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-methods-waterboarding-sleep-deprivation#:~:text=Sleep%20deprivation%20was%20employed%20routinely,in%20front%20of%20his%20body. 

The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records. Edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. Da Capo Press: New York, 1977.

Applebaum, Anne. (2003). Gulag: A history. Doubleday.

Levy, George (1999). To die in Chicago. 

O’Brien, D. Two of a Kind — The Hillside Stranglers. New York: Signet, 1985

Madame Lalaurie, Mistress of the Haunted House by Carolyn Morrow Long.

The Peculiar Institution by Kenneth Stamp. 

Long, Carolyn Morrow. (2020). “Mistress of the Haunted House.” 64Parishes.org. https://64parishes.org/mistress-haunted-house 

Mad Madame Lalaurie : New Orleans’ most famous murderess revealed by Love, Victoria Cosner

A Short History of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth Stamp

A short history of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Gate by Francois Bizot

Cambodia, Pol Pot and the Untied States by Michael Haas

Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution by George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter

Pol Pot by Philip Short

When the War was Over by Elizabeth Becker

Why did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide by Alexander Hinton

Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia by Stephen Morris

Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia by Ronald Bruce St. John

The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse by Lt. General Sak Sutsakhan

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

Genocide in Cambodia by Howard J. De Nike, John Quigly and Kenneth Robinson 

“Like we Were Enemies in a War:” China’s Mass Internment, Torture, and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang by Amnesty International. 2021.

Torture in China by Amnesty International. 1992. 

The Inquisition: it’s a byword for tyranny in much of the Western world – especially among the English-speaking peoples of the world. In today’s episode the surprising origins, history, and impact of the Inquisition are detailed. In addition, this episode features a concise history of torture in India. It’s all here and it’s all free on Battlecast – the world’s foremost podcast on war and its sociopolitical impact.

This episode is part three of a definitive history of torture. You can find part one here and part two here.

Download episode 97 here: download link

The Definitive History of Torture Maps and Images:

Extensive maps and images are posted to the Historical Atlas of Torture located here

Music Source:

Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio /// website: karlcasey.bandcamp.com

The Definitive History of Torture and the Inquisition References:

Amnesty International. (November, 1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Iran. 

Amnesty International. (1972). Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil. Amnesty International Publications. 

Amnesty International. (2015). No end in sight: Torture and Forced Confessions in China. 

The (in)effectiveness of torture for combating insurgency by Christopher Michael Sullivan. Journal of Peace Research, May 2014, Vol. 51, No. 3.

U.S.-supported state terror: A history of police training in Latin America by Martha K. Huggins. Crime and Social Justice, 1987, No. 27/28, pp. 149-171.

A history of torture by Brian Innes. Amber books. 2017.

Torture as an instrument of national policy: France 1954–1962 by Philip Agee. The Black Scholar. 21:2, 66-70.

A history of the American people by Paul Johnson.

American torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond by M. Otterman. 2007. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “drawing and quartering”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 27, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering.

Americans at war: Eyewitness accounts from the American Revolution to the 21st century. Volume 2. ABC-CLIO books. 2018. Edited by James Arnold. 

Note – this is one of the best compendiums of eyewitness accounts of American war-fighting put into print and is well worth locating for anyone interested in American military history – L.W.

Torture behind bars: Role of the police force in India by John Aston. 2020.

Judging war crimes and torture: French justice and international criminal tribunals and commissions (1940-2005) by Yves Beigbeder. 

Legacies of authoritarianism: Brazilian torturers’ and murderers’ reformulation of memory by Martha K. Huggins. Latin American Perspectives, Mar., 2000, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-78.

The Spanish invasion of Mexico: 1519-1521 by Charles M. Robinson III. 2004. Osprey publishing. 

“My medicine is punishment”: A case of torture in early California, 1775–1776  by Claudio Saunt. Ethnohistory. 57:4 (Fall 2010). 

A concise history of Brazil, second edition by Boris Fausto. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 

The corruption of angels: The great inquisition of 1245-1246 by Mark Pegg. 2001. Princeton University Press. 

Cruel Britannia: A secret history of torture by Ian Cobain. 2012. 

The Albigensian Crusade by Jonathan Sumption. 2000.

Crusade, heresy and inquisition in the lands of the Crown of Aragon by Damian Smith. 2010. Brill. 

Crypto-Judaism and The Spanish Inquisition by Michael Alpert. 

The death of Aztec Tenochtitlan: The life of Mexico City by Barbara Mundy. 

The Gulag Archipelago. Three Volumes. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn. 

History taking after torture by Abi Rimmer. British Medical Journal, Vol. 349 (20 Oct 2014 – 26 Oct 2014).

Double‐blind: The torture case by Diana Taylor. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4, (Summer 2007).

Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques by Vernon Geberth. 

Practical homicide investigation checklist and field guide by Vernon Geberth.

Sex-related homicide and death investigation: Practical and clinical perspectives by Venon Geberth. 

America in the Philippines, 1899-1902: The first torture scandal by Christopher Einolf. 

The European witch craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A sociologist’s perspective by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.

Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, five volumes by Peter Cozzens. 2001. Stackpole books. 

Facing the torturer by Francois Bizot.

The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions by Adam S. Chilton and Mila Versteeg. The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 417-452.

God’s jury: The inquisition and the making of the modern world by Cullen Murphy.

Heaven or heresy: A history of the inquisition by Thomas Madden. 2007.

Heresy, crusade and inquisition in Southern France, 1100 – 1250 by Walter Wakefield. 

History of flagellation by Joseph McCabe. 1946. 

A history of Medieval heresy and inquisition by Jennifer Deane. 2011.

The history of the inquisition by Philippus van Limborch. 1816. 

Tortures et supplices en France by Fernand Mitton. 1909. 

Holy horrors: An illustrated history of religious murder by James Haught. 2000.

The Apache Wars: The hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the captive boy who started the longest war in American history by Paul Hutton. 2017.

Illustrated catalogue of the historical and world-renowned collection of torture instruments from the royal castle of Nuremberg. Earl of Shrewbury and Talbor. 1893. 

Imperial inquisitions by Steven Rutledge. 

Pol Pot: Anatomy of a nightmare by Philip Short. 2006.

The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 by Ben Kiernan. 2008.

Inquisition and society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 – 1834 by Stephen Haliczer. 1990.

The inquisition: A history by Michael Thomsett.

The inquisition: A global History 1478-1834 by Francisco Bethencourt. 

The Spanish inquisition: A historical revision by Henry Kamen. 2014.

Modern inquisitions, Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world by  Irene Silverblatt.

The washing of the spears by Donald Morris.

Reporting war; How foreign correspondents risked capture, torture and death to cover World War II by Ray Mosley. 2017.

On torture, or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by Talal Asad. Social Research, Vol. 63, No. 4 (WINTER 1996), pp. 1081-1109.

On the ethics of torture by U. Steinhoff. 2013.

Torture by Peter Edwards. 1996. 

Religious zealotry and political violence in Christianity and Islam by M.D. Litonjua. International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (Autumn 2009), pp. 307-331.

Regarding the pain of others by Susan Sontag.

On pain by Ernst Junger. 

On killing by Dave Grossman. 

The history of torture through the ages by George Scott. 2013. Routledge. 

The Spanish inquisition by Helen Rawlings. 

State torture: Interviewing perpetrators, discovering facilitators, theorizing cross-nationally proposing ‘Torutre 101.’ by Martha Huggins. State Crime Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 45-69.

The Roman inquisition, the index and the Jews by Stephan Wendehorst.

Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 by Paola Tartakoff.

Terrorism, ticking time-bombs, and torture: A philosophical analysis by F. Allhoff. 2012. 

The big book of pain: Torture and punishment through history by Mark Donnelly and Daniel Diehl. 

The Cambridge History of Latin America edited by Leslie Bethell. 2008.

The case of Pietro Acciarito: Accomplices, psychological torture, and “Raison d’État” by Nunzio Pernicone. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 5, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 67-104.

The death penalty as torture by John Bessler. 

The fall and rise of Torture: A comparative and historical analysis by Christopher J. Einolf. Sociological Theory, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 101-121.

Note: Einolf’s article is one of the best, short introductions to the history of torture – L.W. 

A history of torture by Daniel Mannix. 

The long howl: Serial torture by Ross Chambers. Yale French Studies, 2010, No. 118/119, pp. 39-51.

Wolves in the city: The death of French Algeria by Paul Henissart. 1970. 

A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne. 

The meaning of torture by Paul D. Kenny. Polity, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 131-155.

The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick. 2008.

Anonymous. Il Libro Dell’avversario. Not dated.

The Spanish inquisition 1478-1614: An anthology of sources edited by Lu Ann Homza. 2006. 

The absolute violation: Why torture must be prohibited by Richard S. Matthews.

The ethics of interrogation by P. Lauritzen. 2013.

The ethics of torture by J. Wisnewski and R.D. Emerick. 2009.

The torture question: The role of religion and psychology in public opinion of torture by Elizabeth Quiros. 2015. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University. 

Torture 101: Lessons from the Brazilian case by Martha Huggins. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall, 2005), pp. 161-173.

Torture by David Hope. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 807-832.

Torture and democracy by Darius Rejali. 

Lucian M. Ashworth (2010). Torture as public policy: restoring US credibility on the world stage, Journal of Power, 3:3, 445-451. 

History and methods of torture by Brian Innes. 2002. 

“Torture,” by H. Vogel. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, second edition. 2013. 

Torture without torturers: Violence and racialization in black Chicago by Laurence Ralph. Current Anthropology. Volume 61. February 2020. 

Torture: A collection. Edited by S. Levinson. 2006. 

The trial of Francis Ravaillac for the murder of King Henry the Great edited by Edmund Goldsmid. 1885. 

Police torture in France by Niels Uildriks. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Vol. 17/4. 1999. Pp. 411-423.

Understanding torture by J.J. Wisnewski. 2010. 

War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage by Lawrence H. Keeley. 1997.

Medieval punishments: An illustrated history of torture by William Andrews. 2013.

Witch hunts in the Western world by Brian Pavlac. 2009.

Canada’s impossible acknowledgment by Stephen Marche. The New Yorker. September 7, 2017

Austin, L.J. & Bocco, R. (2016). Becoming a torturer: Towards a global ergonomics of care. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(903). 

Ex Captivitate Salus by Carl Schmitt. 2017. Polity books.

Crimes of war: Iraq. Edited by Richard Falk, Irene Gendzier, and Robert Jay Lifton. 2006.

Crimes of war: What the public should know. Edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. 1999. W.W. Norton.

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror by Alfred McCoy. 2006. Henry Holt and Company.

Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation by Alfred McCoy

The Trauma of Psychological Torture edited by Almerindo Ojeda

The United States and Torture: Interrogation, Incarceration, and Abuse edited by Marjorie Cohn

Martyr’s Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America by Daniel P. Barr

Reed, Betsy (December, 2014). How the CIA tortured its detainees. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-methods-waterboarding-sleep-deprivation#:~:text=Sleep%20deprivation%20was%20employed%20routinely,in%20front%20of%20his%20body. 

The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records. Edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. Da Capo Press: New York, 1977.

Applebaum, Anne. (2003). Gulag: A history. Doubleday.

Levy, George (1999). To die in Chicago. 

O’Brien, D. Two of a Kind — The Hillside Stranglers. New York: Signet, 1985

Madame Lalaurie, Mistress of the Haunted House by Carolyn Morrow Long.

The Peculiar Institution by Kenneth Stamp. 

Long, Carolyn Morrow. (2020). “Mistress of the Haunted House.” 64Parishes.org. https://64parishes.org/mistress-haunted-house 

Mad Madame Lalaurie : New Orleans’ most famous murderess revealed by Love, Victoria Cosner

A Short History of Cambodia by John Tully

Facing Death in Cambodia by Peter Maguire

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth Stamp